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African wild dog

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The African wild dog, known scientifically as *Lycaon pictus*, is a highly specialized predator native to sub-Saharan Africa.

African wild dog lycaon pictus
African wild dog lycaon pictus

They are also commonly called painted dogs or painted wolves due to their unique fur patterns. These dogs belong to the genus *Lycaon*, which is the only living group in its kind. They are distinguished from other canids, such as wolves, by their unique teeth and a lack of dewclaws.

Lycaon pictus & Canis lupus skulls
Lycaon pictus & Canis lupus skulls

As the largest wild canine in Africa, they play a vital role in their ecosystems. However, they are currently facing significant survival challenges.

Physically, the African wild dog is built for high-speed, long-distance running, a trait known as cursorial ability.

Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog
Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog

Their skeleton is graceful and lean, allowing them to move efficiently across open terrain. One major adaptation is the loss of the first digit on their forefeet, which are the dewclaws. This loss helps increase their stride and overall running speed. Their teeth are also specialized for a hypercarnivorous diet, meaning they eat almost entirely meat.

Lycaon pictus & Canis lupus skulls
Lycaon pictus & Canis lupus skulls

Their premolars are among the largest relative to body size of any living carnivore, except for the spotted hyena. Specifically, their lower teeth have evolved into a cutting blade for slicing flesh. This specialized dentition allows them to process prey very quickly.

These dogs live and hunt in complex social units called packs. They are specialized hunters of terrestrial ungulates, which are hoofed land animals.

African wild dog3
African wild dog3

Instead of using sudden bursts of speed, they use incredible stamina and cooperative hunting to exhaust their prey. They often hunt during the dawn and dusk, though they can be active during the day as well. Within the pack, social bonds are maintained through food sharing. Like other canids, they regurgitate food for their young. However, they also extend this behavior to adults, making it a central part of their social structure.

African Wild Dog feeding puppies at Working with Wildlife
African Wild Dog feeding puppies at Working with Wildlife

Interestingly, the young members of the pack always have the privilege of feeding first on carcasses.

Scientists recognize five different subspecies of the African wild dog.

West African Wild Dog
West African Wild Dog

The Cape wild dog, or *L. p. pictus*, is the largest subspecies and is very colorful. The East African wild dog, *L. p. lupinus*, is known for having a very dark coat with little yellow. The Somali wild dog, *L. p. somalicus*, is smaller and has shorter, coarser fur. There is also the Chadian wild dog, *L. p. sharicus*, which has brightly colored, short hair. Finally, the West African wild dog survives in only two small populations in Senegal and across Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger. While these designations are used, some scientists debate whether they are truly distinct subspecies.

History shows that humans have noticed these animals for a very long time. Ancient Egyptian and various hunter-gatherer societies, such as the San people, revered them.

Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I)
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I)

Early written records include the writer Oppian, who described a creature called the *thoa*. This animal was thought to be a hybrid between a wolf and a leopard. In the third century AD, Solinus described a colorful, wolf-like animal in Ethiopia. The species was scientifically described in 1820 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck. He originally named them *Hyaena picta* after looking at a specimen from Mozambique. Later, in 1827, Joshua Brookes recognized them as a canid and renamed them *Lycaon tricolor*.

The African wild dog is currently listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Wild Dog Kruger National Park South Africa
Wild Dog Kruger National Park South Africa

This status has been held since 1990. Current estimates suggest there are only about 6,600 adults living in the wild. These adults are divided into 39 different subpopulations. Some of these groups are very small, with the largest subpopulation containing fewer than 250 individuals. They face many threats, including habitat fragmentation, human persecution, and outbreaks of disease. These factors make it difficult for their numbers to grow and stay stable.

Evolutionary studies provide deep insights into how these dogs became so unique. A 2019 study suggests the *Lycaon* lineage split from other canids like the dhole and the genus *Canis* about 1.7 million years ago.

This evolutionary change happened at the same time that their prey, large ungulates, began to diversify. There is also evidence of ancient genetic mixing between the African wild dog and the dhole. While they live in different areas today, they may have met in North Africa during the Pleistocene era. This complex history shows how closely these animals are connected to the changing world around them.

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🖼️ Images & Media (25)
File:202104 Dog.svg
202104 Dog.svg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg
File:Bartolini-Lucenti, S., Madurell-Malapeira, J., Martínez-Navarro, B. et al. (2021) fig. 4 Xenocyon lycaonoides.png
Bartolini-Lucenti, S.,...
File:Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog.jpg
Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog.jpg

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