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Coyote

life science Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The coyote, known scientifically as Canis latrans, is a highly versatile canine native to North America.

Coyote portrait
Coyote portrait

It is often referred to by names like the American jackal, prairie wolf, or brush wolf. While it shares an ecological niche with the golden jackal of Eurasia, the coyote is generally larger. It is a remarkably adaptable species that can thrive in diverse environments. This includes areas modified by humans, such as urban cities. Because of this wide distribution and abundance, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a species of least concern.

A coyote's physical appearance and biology vary based on its environment and subspecies. There are 19 recognized subspecies of the coyote. Their fur color is typically light gray or red, often mixed with black and white. Geography plays a major role in how they look. For example, coyotes living at high elevations often have more black and gray shades. In contrast, desert-dwelling coyotes tend to be more fulvous or whitish-gray. Their coat consists of two distinct layers: a short, soft underfur and long, coarse guard hairs.

Coyote in Alaska
Coyote in Alaska

The coyote's body is built differently than its larger relative, the gray wolf. While smaller, the coyote often has longer ears and a relatively larger braincase. It also possesses a thinner frame, face, and muzzle. When running or walking, a coyote carries its tail downwards, unlike the horizontal tail position of a wolf. Their scent glands are located at the upper side of the base of the tail. These glands are bluish-black in color. Even their tracks are unique, appearing more elongated and less rounded than those of domestic dogs.

Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I)
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I)

Dietary habits and social structures are also very flexible in this species. Coyotes are primarily carnivorous, meaning they eat meat. Their diet includes deer, rabbits, hares, rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. However, they are not strictly meat-eaters and may consume fruits and vegetables. Socially, they can live in small family units or in loosely knit packs of unrelated individuals. Their most famous vocalization is a howl that changes rapidly in both tone and pitch.

Canis latrans
Canis latrans

The evolutionary history of the coyote is a complex journey through time. Scientists believe the genus Canis descended from a coyote-like animal called Eucyon davisi. This ancestor appeared about 6 million years ago in the southwestern United States and Mexico. By the Pliocene, a larger species called Canis lepophagus appeared. The modern coyote, Canis latrans, was in existence by the early Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago.

Canis latrans orcutti
Canis latrans orcutti

During the Pleistocene, coyotes like Canis latrans orcutti were larger and more robust than they are today. As large prey died out during the Quaternary extinction event, coyotes decreased in size. This change allowed them to better exploit new resources.

Coyotes have also left a significant mark on human culture and history. In Native American folklore, particularly in Aridoamerica, the coyote is a famous trickster figure. These stories often depict the coyote as a character who uses deception and humor to rebel against social rules. In Mesoamerican cosmology, the animal was respected as a symbol of military might.

Toltec coyote
Toltec coyote

However, views changed after European colonization. In Anglo-American culture, the coyote was often viewed as cowardly or untrustworthy. This differs from the gray wolf, whose public image has actually improved over time.

Genetic studies continue to reveal how coyotes relate to other canines. While coyotes have never been known to mate with gray wolves in the wild, they do interbreed with eastern wolves and red wolves. This produces hybrids known as "coywolves." Because of these historical and recent matings, the eastern coyote is a larger subspecies found in northeastern North America. In fact, genetic research shows that most North American wolves contain some level of coyote DNA. This interconnectedness shows how much the coyote influences the broader canid system.

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🖼️ Images & Media (67)
File:Coyote portrait.jpg
Coyote portrait.jpg
File:Toltec coyote.jpg
Toltec coyote.jpg
File:202104 Dog.svg
202104 Dog.svg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg

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