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African palm civet

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The African palm civet, also called the two-spotted palm civet, is a unique small mammal.

The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background)
The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background)

It belongs to a group called the Feliformia, which includes cat-like animals. However, this species is very special in the tree of life. It is the only member of its superfamily, Nandinioidea. This makes it the most genetically isolated carnivoran in the world. This means it is not closely related to other meat-eating animals.

Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum
Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum

Physically, these animals are built for life in the trees. They have lean bodies with grey or dark brown fur. Dark spots cover their backs, and they possess long, ringed tails. Their legs are short, and their ears are small. One interesting physical detail is their ear canal. It is not divided and is cartilaginous at the end. This specific ear structure helped scientists realize they were different from other groups.

To communicate, the African palm civet uses scent glands. They have two sets of these glands on their lower abdomen. They also have glands between the third and fourth toes on each foot. These glands secrete a strong-smelling substance. The animals use this scent to mark their territory. They also use these smells during mating. This helps them navigate their social world through scent.

Most of their lives are spent in the forest canopy. They are nocturnal, meaning they are active during the night. They are also largely arboreal, so they spend most of their time on large branches. They often move among lianas, which are woody vines, in the treetops. Their diet consists mostly of fruit. They eat many types, including figs, papayas, and bananas. They also eat fruit from the African corkwood tree and Uapaca trees.

The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background)
The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background)

Reproduction for the African palm civet follows a specific cycle. In places like Gabon, females give birth during the long wet season. This usually happens between September and January. The gestation period, or the time the baby grows inside the mother, lasts 2 to 3 months. A litter can have up to four young. The babies stay with the mother to suckle for about three months. During this time, the mother's mammary glands produce an orange-yellow liquid. This liquid stains her abdomen and the fur of her babies. This color may discourage other males from trying to mate with her.

Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum
Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum

Scientists have worked for a long time to classify this animal. In 1830, John Edward Gray first described the species. He used the name Viverra binotata based on a specimen from a museum in Leiden. In 1843, Gray changed the name to the genus Nandinia. Later, in 1929, Reginald Innes Pocock proposed the family Nandiniidae. He argued that the civet was different from the Aeluroidea group. He based this on the unique shape of the ear canal and the temporal bone. Molecular genetic analyses later showed they diverged from other Feliformia about 42 million years ago.

The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background)
The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background)

Today, the African palm civet lives in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Their range goes from Guinea to South Sudan, and south to Angola. They live in many habitats, including rainforests, deciduous forests, and even savanna woodlands. They can live at elevations up to 2,000 meters. However, they face several serious threats in the wild. Habitat loss from logging, mining, and large-scale oil palm plantations is a major problem. They are also hunted for bushmeat. In the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests, over 4,300 are hunted yearly in Nigeria. In Cameroon, about 3,300 are hunted each year. In some areas, they are even used in animal rituals. Despite these pressures, they are currently listed as 'least concern' on the IUCN Red List.

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