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AFL-CIO

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The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, known as the AFL-CIO, is the largest federation of unions in the United States. A federation is a large organization made up of many smaller, independent groups. This specific federation consists of 61 national and international unions. As of January 2025, these member unions represent nearly 15 million active and retired workers. The AFL-CIO serves as a central hub for labor organizing and political activism. It primarily supports progressive and pro-labor policies through various methods.

AFL-CIO Headquarters (53844536891)
AFL-CIO Headquarters (53844536891)

The AFL-CIO operates as a voluntary federation. This means it has very little authority over its member unions. It can only intervene in extremely limited cases, such as expelling a union for corruption. It can also enforce resolutions regarding disagreements over jurisdiction or organizing. The organization is governed by its members through a convention held every four years. During these conventions, delegates are elected through proportional representation. These delegates elect officers and vice presidents, debate policy, and set dues. This structure ensures that the member unions have a direct voice in governance.

To manage different sectors of the economy, the AFL-CIO uses several specialized departments. Six departments are constitutionally mandated by the organization's rules. These include the Maritime Trades Department and the Metal Trades Department. Other departments focus on transportation trades and professional employees. There is also the North America's Building Trades Unions and the Union Label and Service Trades Department. Historically, the Industrial Union Department (IUD) was a major organizing force. It even provided financial support to the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) during a 1961 organizing drive. This help allowed the AFT to win an election and establish a large collective bargaining affiliate.

Beyond specialized departments, the AFL-CIO utilizes constituency groups to reach specific communities. These are nonprofit organizations funded by the federation to help with voter registration and mobilization. They conduct research, host training conferences, and issue reports. There are seven such groups, including the Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Other groups represent veterans, Black trade unionists, and Latin American workers. These groups have the right to sit in on executive council meetings. They also hold voting rights at the large quadrennial conventions.

The history of the AFL-CIO is defined by a major merger in 1955. This occurred when the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations joined after a long period of estrangement. Before this merger, the two groups often disagreed on how to organize workers. For example, the CIO was more willing to include Black workers than the AFL. Union membership in the United States reached its peak in 1979. At that time, affiliated unions had nearly twenty million members. From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO represented almost all unionized workers in the country. In 2005, some large unions left to form a rival group called the Change to Win Federation.

Political activity is a major part of the AFL-CIO's modern work. While it has lost some political clout since 1970, it remains a major player in liberal politics. The federation engages in lobbying, grassroots organizing, and fundraising. It also focuses heavily on "get-out-the-vote" (GOTV) campaigns during major elections. In the 2010 midterm elections, the AFL-CIO sent 28.6 million pieces of mail. They also sent 100,000 volunteers to go door-to-door in 32 states. These volunteers spoke to 13 million union voters to promote endorsed candidates.

The AFL-CIO has also been connected to significant civil rights struggles. In 1961, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke to an AFL-CIO convention in Bal Harbour, Florida. He argued that labor and civil rights should form a coalition to help the entire working class. However, King also criticized the movement for its past tolerance of unions that excluded Black workers. The relationship between the federation and civil rights leaders saw further tension in 1967. This happened because the AFL-CIO supported the Vietnam War while King opposed it. Despite these disagreements, the AFL-CIO did endorse the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

AFL-CIO Headquarters (53844536891)
AFL-CIO Headquarters (53844536891)
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