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Accident

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An accident is an unintended and usually undesirable event. In casual conversation, people often use the word to describe things that happen by chance. However, formal definitions require three specific factors to be met. The event must be unintended, unpreventable, and unexpected.

Pyramid of risks
Pyramid of risks

Many experts in injury prevention actually dislike using the word accident. They argue the term suggests that a situation was impossible to predict or control. Instead, they focus on preventable factors that increase risk. By identifying these risks, professionals can work to change outcomes before harm occurs.

Accidents can be categorized into physical and non-physical types. Physical accidents include motor vehicle collisions, drowning, or falling. They also include contact with electricity, poison, or sharp objects. Even drug overdoses are considered physical accidents. Non-physical accidents involve things like forgetting an appointment or revealing a secret by mistake. Interestingly, some accidents lead to positive results. These are known as accidental discoveries. Famous examples include the discovery of penicillin, the invention of Post-it notes, and the creation of microwave ovens.

Many accidents occur specifically because of work or leisure activities. Work accidents, also called occupational accidents, happen during employment. The International Labour Organization reports that about 400 million accidents occur on the job each year. This number represents roughly 5% of the entire world population. These events cause over 300,000 deaths annually, particularly in construction and mining. They also result in millions of long-term disabilities, such as back injuries. In manufacturing, a primary accident like a fire can cause a domino effect accident. This happens when one failure triggers a chain of failures in nearby units.

Transportation is a major area where accidents are studied. Aviation safety has improved greatly through decades of effort. While plane crashes are widely reported, they are statistically very rare. As of 2024, there is approximately one fatal crash per 16 million commercial flights. This makes air travel one of the safest ways to travel over land. Most airplane accidents occur during the landing process.

ACRO fatalities
ACRO fatalities

In contrast, two-wheeled vehicles like bicycles and motorcycles carry much higher risks. They offer less protection from weather or collisions than cars do. Electric bikes also present a specific risk of accidental fire from overheating batteries.

Road traffic accidents are a significant global concern. Every year, road deaths exceed 1 million people worldwide. More than half of these deaths involve pedestrians, cyclists, or motorcyclists.

Road-deaths-by-type
Road-deaths-by-type

Most vehicle collisions are caused by preventable behaviors. These include driving while distracted, drowsy, drunk, or too fast. In the mid-20th century, the automobile industry used the word "accident" to describe crashes. They provided articles to newspapers that framed collisions as unavoidable fate. This helped make crashes seem like luck rather than a safety problem. Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has discouraged using this word.

Maritime and rail travel also present unique accident profiles. Maritime accidents are very diverse and hard to summarize with one statistic. Large mega-cruise ships are quite safe, with deaths often caused by heart attacks rather than accidents. However, small vessels like whitewater kayaks or overloaded refugee boats are much riskier. Rail travel is generally safer than car travel for a given distance. However, major rail accidents can involve freight trains carrying hazardous cargo. Unlike other transport accidents, many train casualties involve people standing outside the train along the route.

Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895
Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895

Global statistics provide a clear picture of accidental mortality. The World Health Organization states that over 3 million accidental deaths occur annually. Road traffic incidents cause 1.2 million deaths each year, mostly among young males. Falls cause 0.7 million deaths, mostly among elderly females. Research shows that up to 80% of events called accidents are actually caused by human error. This suggests that many events are the result of negligence or misjudgment rather than pure chance.

Unintentional injuries world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012
Unintentional injuries world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012

This data helps organizations like the CDC and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics track safety trends.

Scientists use various theoretical models to analyze these complex events. Because most accidents have no single cause, no single model works for everything. Some use sequential models, such as Heinrich's triangle or Frank E. Bird's accident ratio triangle.

Pyramid of risks
Pyramid of risks

Other models, like the Swiss cheese model, look at system safety. There are also non-linear models, such as the System-theoretic Accident Model and Process, known as STAMP. These models help researchers understand the relationship between human error, machine failure, and complex systems. By studying these patterns, society can move toward better prevention and safety engineering.

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File:Green_Bank_300ft_collapsed_telescope.jpg
Green_Bank_300ft_collapsed_telescope.jpg
File:Unintentional injuries world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg
Unintentional injuries world map-Deaths...
File:ACRO fatalities.svg
ACRO fatalities.svg
File:Road-deaths-by-type.png
Road-deaths-by-type.png
File:Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895.jpg
Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895.jpg
File:Accidents.svg
Accidents.svg
File:Pyramid of risks.svg
Pyramid of risks.svg
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