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Yakut language

language culture Maturity 11-13 Next article →

The Yakut language, also known as Sakha or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language. It is spoken by approximately 450,000 native speakers, primarily ethnic Yakuts. The language serves as one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic within the Russian Federation. Beyond this region, Yakut speakers form small diasporas in places like Kazakhstan and Turkey.

Yakut belongs to the Northeastern Common Turkic family. This family includes related languages such as Shor, Tuvan, and Dolgan. Historically, Yakut diverged from the main community of Turkic speakers quite early. This early separation caused the language to develop many unique features. Because of this divergence, mutual intelligibility with other Turkic languages is often low. Many shared words, known as cognates, are difficult to recognize when heard.

One of the most important features of Yakut is vowel harmony. This is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable match the features of the preceding syllable. Yakut possesses a complex system of twenty phonemic vowels. This includes eight short vowels, eight long vowels, and four diphthongs. Vowel harmony in Yakut follows two main rules: frontness/backness harmony and rounding harmony. Front vowels must be followed by front vowels, and back vowels must follow back vowels. Additionally, non-low vowels must match the lip rounding of the preceding syllable.

As an agglutinative language, Yakut builds meaning by adding suffixes to word stems. These suffixes often change their form based on the sounds in the stem. This process is called consonant assimilation. When a suffix meets a stem, the consonants at the boundary may change. Yakut uses four specific archiphonemes, or underlying consonant types, for this: G, B, T, and L. For example, the second-person plural possessive suffix -GIt changes depending on the stem. If the stem ends in a high vowel, it appears as -git. If the stem ends in a low vowel, it appears as -gut.

The phonology of Yakut is also quite distinct among Turkic languages. For instance, Yakut and Dolgan are the only Turkic languages that lack postalveolar sibilants. Yakut also features a unique palatal nasal sound. Another interesting process is debuccalization, where a sound changes into a different one. In Yakut, the initial /s/ sound often shifts to an /h/ sound. This is seen in the word for "girl," where the /s/ in kïïs becomes an [h] sound when placed between vowels.

The modern Yakut writing system uses the Cyrillic script. This alphabet was established in 1939 by the Soviet Union. It utilizes the standard Russian characters but includes five additional letters and two digraphs. These extra characters, such as ҕ, ҥ, ө, һ, and ү, represent specific Yakut sounds. To indicate long vowels, writers often double the vowel, such as writing үүт for "milk." While many scholars use different Romanization systems to write Yakut in Latin letters, the Cyrillic script remains the standard.

Grammatically, Yakut follows a specific structure for organizing sentences. The typical word order is subject–adverb–object–verb. It also follows a possessor–possessed and adjective–noun pattern. While the language has no grammatical gender, the third-person pronouns distinguish between humans and non-humans. The pronoun kï/ki refers to human beings, while it refers to all other things.

In the Sakha Republic, Yakut serves as a vital lingua franca. This means it is a common language used for communication between different groups. Many ethnic minorities, including the Dolgans, Evenks, Evens, and Yukagirs, use Yakut to speak with one another. According to the 2002 census, about 8% of people in the Sakha Republic who are not of Yakut ethnicity claimed knowledge of the language. This makes Yakut a central tool for social and cultural connection in the region.

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