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Wireless network

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A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes.

Wifi
Wifi

These networks allow homes, businesses, and telecommunications systems to function without physical cables. Installing cables into buildings can be a very expensive and difficult process. Wireless technology solves this by using radio communication at the physical layer of the OSI model. This model is a structure used to describe how different parts of a network work together. By using invisible signals, devices can connect across rooms, cities, or even the entire planet.

Modern wireless technology relies heavily on advances in semiconductor physics. Specifically, the development of MOSFET, or metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, technology enabled digital wireless networks. These tiny components are the building blocks for many essential parts of a network. They are used to build mobile transceivers, base station modules, and routers. They also make up RF power amplifiers and telecommunication circuits. As MOSFET technology improved, it led to increased bandwidth, which is the amount of data that can be sent. This progression is often referred to as Edholm's law.

Wireless networks are categorized by the geographic area they cover. A Wireless Personal Area Network, or WPAN, connects devices within a person's immediate reach. Examples include using Bluetooth or infrared light to connect a headset to a laptop. A Wireless Local Area Network, or WLAN, links devices over a short distance. These often use an access point to provide internet access. Many products using the IEEE 802.11 standard are marketed under the brand name Wi-Fi.

LAN
LAN

For larger areas, there are Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks, known as MANs. These connect several local networks together, such as through the WiMAX standard.

On an even larger scale, Wireless Wide Area Networks, or WANs, cover regions between towns or cities. These often use point-to-point microwave links with parabolic dishes. These dishes operate on the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. For global connectivity, a Global Area Network, or GAN, supports users across many different satellite and LAN areas. The biggest challenge in these large networks is the "handoff." This is the process of moving a user's communication from one local coverage area to the next without losing the connection.

Cellular networks are a specific type of radio network distributed over land areas called cells.

frequency reuse
frequency reuse

Each cell is served by a fixed-location transceiver called a base station or cell site. To prevent interference, each cell uses a different set of radio frequencies from its immediate neighbors. This method is known as frequency reuse. As a person moves through the network, their device communicates with different base stations. This allows mobile phones and pagers to stay connected while traveling. Modern cellular systems have evolved through several generations, including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G.

Wireless communication also happens far above the Earth using satellites. These satellites are typically stationed in geosynchronous orbit above the equator. They communicate using microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. These systems can receive and relay voice, data, and TV signals globally. There are also terrestrial microwave networks that use Earth-based transmitters. These look like satellite dishes and operate in the low gigahertz range. Because of how these waves travel, they require a clear line-of-sight between the transmitter and the receiver.

History shows how rapidly this technology has grown. The first professional wireless network was ALOHAnet, developed at the University of Hawaii in 1969. It became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network was the WaveLAN product family, created by NCR in 1986. In June 1997, the first version of the 802.11 Wi-Fi protocol was released. Today, 4G LTE networks provide data speeds that are roughly 10 times faster than 3G networks. From small Bluetooth connections to massive space networks, wireless technology continues to expand our ability to share information.

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File:Wifi.svg
Wifi.svg
File:Wireless network.jpg
Wireless network.jpg
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LAN.png
File:frequency reuse.svg
frequency reuse.svg
File:Wifi hidden station problem.svg
Wifi hidden station problem.svg
File:Exposed terminal problem.svg
Exposed terminal problem.svg
File:MIMO SIMO MISO SISO explanation without confusion.svg
MIMO SIMO MISO SISO explanation without...
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