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Winter storm

earth science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

A winter storm is a complex weather event involving wind and freezing precipitation. This precipitation can take several forms, including snow, sleet, ice pellets, or graupel, which is a type of soft hail. It can also include freezing rain. While these storms are most common in winter, they can occur during late autumn or early spring in subarctic and temperate continental climates. Some storms are local events lasting 24 hours. Other massive systems can cover an entire continent for several days.

Winter Storm Jonas 2016 NYC Pershing Square
Winter Storm Jonas 2016 NYC Pershing Square

Storm formation begins with a process called lift. This occurs when moist air rises into the atmosphere, creating clouds and low pressure near the ground. The wind can push this air upward. Large mountains or hills can also force the air to rise. The moisture is often collected by the wind from large bodies of water, such as the ocean or a big lake. If temperatures are below freezing near the ground and in the clouds, the moisture falls as frozen precipitation. Because cold air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, the total amount of precipitation is often less than in warmer temperatures.

Meteorologists use specific terms to classify these events. A blizzard is a snowstorm characterized by strong winds and low visibility. In the United States, specific criteria trigger winter storm warnings. For example, a warning is issued if snow accumulates 1 inch in 12 hours or 2 inches in 24 hours. Another warning occurs if ice accumulates 0.25 inches on surfaces. A blizzard specifically requires sustained winds of at least 35 miles per hour and reduced visibility for three hours or longer.

Snowy Kajaaninkatu Oulu 2008 03 22
Snowy Kajaaninkatu Oulu 2008 03 22

Different types of precipitation create different hazards. Snow can be dry or wet depending on the atmospheric temperature profile. Dry snow is lighter and can be moved easily by wind to create drifts many feet high. Wet snow is heavier due to its high water content. Heavy wet snow can cause damage to roofs and power lines. Ice storms are particularly dangerous. They typically occur when a layer of warm air sits above a region, but the ground temperature remains sub-freezing. This causes rain to freeze upon contact with surfaces.

IceStormPowerLines
IceStormPowerLines

Historical records show the extreme power of these systems. In 1947, a massive snowfall in the United States resulted in snow piles and drifts reaching 25 feet. In 1993, a "Superstorm" manifested as a blizzard in many areas. The 1998 North American ice storm affected eastern Canada and parts of New England. During that event, three million people lost power, some for six weeks. The economic damage was estimated at $3 billion CAD.

Frozen rain covering hawthorn berries
Frozen rain covering hawthorn berries

Winter storms present significant safety risks to people and infrastructure. Snow on roads reduces friction, which lowers vehicle maneuverability. Driving speeds can drop by up to 40% during heavy snowfall. In extreme cases, blowing snow causes whiteout conditions where visibility is only a few feet. Heavy snow can also cause roofs to cave in or bring down dead trees. Ice storms can paralyze entire regions by damaging telephone and power lines. In the 2021 winter storm, the failure of the power grid in Texas caused blackouts for 7 to 10 days.

2008 China storms Anhui 6
2008 China storms Anhui 6

To manage these risks, governments and health organizations provide preparation advice. Common recommendations include stocking three days of food, water, and medicine. People are advised to keep warm clothes and flashlights with extra batteries ready. It is also suggested to stay informed and avoid traveling unless it is absolutely necessary.

West Virginia National Guard members conduct road clearing and debris removal operations
West Virginia National Guard members conduct road clearing and debris removal operations
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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Winter Storm Jonas 2016 NYC Pershing Square.jpg
Winter Storm Jonas 2016 NYC Pershing Square.jpg
File:West Virginia National Guard members conduct road clearing and debris removal operations.jpg
West Virginia National Guard members...
File:Snowy Kajaaninkatu Oulu 2008 03 22.JPG
Snowy Kajaaninkatu Oulu 2008 03 22.JPG
File:Nevicata eccezionale (4433552880).jpg
Nevicata eccezionale (4433552880).jpg
File:RFA Tidespring during bad weather off the UK coast MOD 45163864.jpg
RFA Tidespring during bad weather off the...
File:IceStormPowerLines.png
IceStormPowerLines.png
File:Frozen rain covering hawthorn berries.jpg
Frozen rain covering hawthorn berries.jpg
File:2008 China storms Anhui 6.JPG
2008 China storms Anhui 6.JPG
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