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William Langland

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William Langland was a significant writer from medieval England. He is the presumed author of a major work of Middle English alliterative verse. This poem is known as Piers Plowman. It is an allegory, which is a story that uses symbols and images to represent deeper meanings. The poem uses these tools to translate complex religious themes and concepts from the cloister into ideas that a layman could understand.

Will Dreaming
Will Dreaming

Very little is known about Langland's actual life. Most of what we believe has been reconstructed from the text of Piers Plowman. Internal evidence suggests he was born around 1330 in the West Midlands of England. The narrator in the poem receives a vision while sleeping in the Malvern Hills. This suggests a strong connection to the area between Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The dialect used in the poem is also consistent with this specific region. Some scholars believe he was born in Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire. Others suggest Ledbury or Great Malvern as possible birthplaces.

Langland's poem was likely written around 1377. We know this because the character's imagination says he has followed someone for "five and forty winters." This detail implies the author was likely middle-aged at the time. There are strong indications that Langland died in 1385 or 1386. A fourteenth-century note by a writer named John But describes Langland's death. The note says that once the work was made, death struck the author and buried him under the soil. Since John But died in 1387, Langland likely died shortly before that date.

The poem provides several clues about Langland's possible identity. In the C text, the narrator describes himself as a "loller" or "idler" in London's Cornhill area. This character mentions a wife named Katherine and a child named Nicolette. The text also suggests the narrator was well above average height. He may have earned a living reciting prayers for the dead in chantries at St Paul's Cathedral. However, scholars like Wendy Scase note that these details might be part of a "false confession" tradition. This means the personal details might be literary tools rather than true facts.

Langland's relationship with the church is a subject of much study. The poem shows a very sophisticated level of religious knowledge. This suggests he may have had a connection to the clergy. He might have been a novice at the nearby Woodhouse Friary. However, the poem does not show a bias toward any specific group of churchmen. It is described as being even-handed in its anticlericalism, which means it criticizes the church in a balanced way. Some scholars, like John Bowers, view him as a member of a radical fringe of society. Others, like Malcolm Godden, suggest he may have lived as an itinerant hermit. This would mean he traveled and exchanged writing for food and shelter.

There is a historical debate regarding Langland's specific beliefs. Some older editions of his work suggested he was a follower of John Wycliffe. Wycliffe and Langland shared several concerns. Both men questioned the value of pilgrimages and indulgences. Both promoted using the common language, or the vernacular, for preaching. They also both attacked corruption within the church. However, Langland does not echo Wycliffe's specific teachings on the sacraments. This makes it difficult to link him directly to Wycliffe's specific movement.

Attributing the poem to Langland relies on several pieces of evidence. A manuscript held at Trinity College, Dublin, names the author as Willielmi de Langland. This note identifies him as the son of Stacy de Rokayle. Other manuscripts use names like Robert or William Langland. The poem itself contains a line where the narrator says, "my name is longe wille." Many believe this is a coded reference to the poet's name. While the attribution is widely accepted by scholars, modern research shows it is not entirely without dispute.

Will Dreaming
Will Dreaming
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