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William Caxton

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William Caxton was a pivotal figure in the history of English literature and communication. He is recognized as the first person to introduce the printing press to England in 1476. Before his arrival, books were produced through the slow process of manual transcription. This meant every single copy had to be written by hand. Caxton changed this by becoming the first English retailer of printed books. His work helped move society from a world of rare, handwritten manuscripts to one of mass-produced literature.

Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His Printing to King Edward IV at the Almonry, Westminster
Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His Printing to King Edward IV at the Almonry, Westminster

Caxton's journey into printing began with his observations of foreign technology. While working as a successful merchant, he traveled to Cologne, Germany. There, he observed the new printing industry and was influenced by German methods. He eventually collaborated with a man named Colard Mansion in Bruges, Flanders. In 1473, they produced the first book printed in English, titled *Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye*. Caxton noted that he learned this new skill because his own hand grew weary and his eyes dimmed from copying books by hand.

Brut Chronicle
Brut Chronicle

After returning to England, Caxton established his own press in the Almonry area of Westminster in 1476. He focused on a wide variety of literary genres to appeal to the English upper classes. His first known production was an edition of Geoffrey Chaucer's *The Canterbury Tales*.

Caxton's Canterbury Tales
Caxton's Canterbury Tales

He also published chivalric romances, such as Sir Thomas Malory's *Le Morte d'Arthur* in 1485. His catalog included classical works, English and Roman histories, and even the first English translation of Aesop's Fables in 1484. He even produced some of the earliest printed verses of the Bible in English.

Caxton's early life is marked by some uncertainty, but historians have reconstructed much of his path. He was likely born between 1415 and 1424, possibly in the Weald of Kent. In 1438, he began an apprenticeship with Robert Large, a wealthy silk mercer and former Lord Mayor of London. After Large died in 1441, Caxton was left a small sum of £20. He eventually moved to Bruges, where he became a successful businessman and governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. His connections to the nobility, such as Margaret of York, helped support his literary ambitions.

One of Caxton's most significant impacts was on the English language itself. During the 15th century, England used many different regional dialects. This meant people in different areas often used different words for the same thing. Caxton helped create the Chancery Standard, which was a London-based dialect of Middle English. By using this specific dialect in his printed books, he helped promote it as a standard version of the language. This process helped homogenize different regional speech patterns across the country.

Stained glass to William Caxton, Guildhall, London
Stained glass to William Caxton, Guildhall, London

While Caxton was a skilled technician, he was not always a perfect translator. He often worked under intense pressure to publish as many books as possible as quickly as possible. Because of this haste, he sometimes simply transferred French words directly into English. This led to various misunderstandings in his translations. Despite these flaws, his massive output helped define the English written word. He is credited with printing as many as 108 books, with 87 of those being unique titles. Approximately 80 percent of his total work was produced in the English language.

Caxton's legacy continues to be honored in many ways today. In 2002, a BBC poll named him one of the 100 Greatest Britons. He is memorialized in Westminster Abbey with a white stone plaque near Poets' Corner.

William Caxton LOC photo meetup 2012
William Caxton LOC photo meetup 2012

His printing plant was eventually taken over by Wynkyn de Worde, who continued the business for forty-three years. Today, significant collections of his work can be found in the British Library and the John Rylands Library. His life represents the bridge between the medieval era of scribes and the modern era of the printed word.

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File:Caxton printers mark.cropped.jpg
Caxton printers mark.cropped.jpg
File:Brut Chronicle.jpg
Brut Chronicle.jpg
File:Caxton's Canterbury Tales.jpg
Caxton's Canterbury Tales.jpg
File:Stained glass to William Caxton, Guildhall, London.JPG
Stained glass to William Caxton,...
File:Caxton 1.jpg
Caxton 1.jpg
File:Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His Printing to King Edward IV at the Almonry, Westminster.jpg
Caxton Showing the First Specimen of His...
File:What sholde a man in thyse dayes now wryte egges or eyren?.jpg
What sholde a man in thyse dayes now...
File:William Caxton LOC photo meetup 2012.jpg
William Caxton LOC photo meetup 2012.jpg
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