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Weight loss

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Weight loss is the reduction of a person's total body mass. This reduction occurs through the loss of body fat, also known as adipose tissue. It can also involve the loss of fluid or lean mass. Lean mass includes bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendons, and other connective tissues. Weight loss can be intentional or unintentional. People often choose to lose weight to improve fitness or appearance. However, weight loss can also happen without a person trying. This can be caused by malnutrition or an underlying medical condition.

To achieve weight loss, a person must reach a negative energy balance. This means they consume fewer calories than their body expends. Many people use lifestyle changes to reach this state. One common method is increasing physical activity through exercise. Weight training is a specific type of exercise used to burn fat. It works by increasing muscle mass, which in turn increases metabolism. Metabolism is the process by which the body uses energy. Some research suggests that hydration can also play a role. Increasing water intake may increase fat oxidation and thermogenesis. Thermogenesis is the process of heat production in the body.

There are different ways that weight loss can manifest in the body. Intentional weight loss is often a goal to manage health. For example, losing 7% to 10% of body weight can help prevent prediabetes from becoming type 2 diabetes. For those who already have diabetes, a 5% to 15% loss can help manage cardiometabolic health. Unintentional weight loss is different because it is not planned. It is often viewed as a medical problem. Doctors consider it a concern if a person loses 10% of their body weight in six months. Losing 5% of body weight in a single month is also a significant sign.

Unintentional weight loss can lead to serious medical conditions. If it continues, it may turn into a wasting condition called cachexia. Cachexia is different from starvation because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. In advanced stages, a person might develop anorexia cachexia syndrome, or ACS. This syndrome causes severe weight loss from muscle rather than fat. Symptoms of ACS include nausea, anemia, and extreme weakness. Malnutrition can also affect many bodily functions. It can impact the immune response, wound healing, and even muscle strength. In the UK, more than 10% of people over age 65 are at risk of malnutrition.

Medical professionals use various tools to assist with weight management. Some use anti-obesity medications to decrease appetite or block fat absorption. One common medication is orlistat, which is used to block fat absorption. Another medication, semaglutide, has become popular for helping people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. For cases of severe obesity, doctors may recommend bariatric surgery. This includes procedures like gastric bypass or gastric banding. These surgeries work by reducing the size of the stomach. This limits the amount of food energy a person can intake at one time.

There is a massive global industry dedicated to weight loss. In 2008, people in the United States spent between $33 billion and $55 billion on weight-loss products. This spending includes medical procedures, pharmaceuticals, and fitness centers. People also spend a lot on dietary supplements. In the US alone, over $1.6 billion is spent on these supplements every year. However, many of these products lack clinical evidence. Most dieters actually regain their weight over the long term. To make weight loss permanent, changes to diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well.

Weight loss is closely connected to many other areas of health. It can reduce the risk of hypertension, which is high blood pressure. It can also reduce pain for people living with osteoarthritis of the knee. Mental health also plays a role in weight management. Factors like depression, stress, or boredom can contribute to weight changes. Even sleep is important for success. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost twice as much fat as those who were sleep-deprived. Managing weight is a complex process involving biology, lifestyle, and medical science.

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