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Webmail

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Webmail is an email service accessed through a standard web browser. It functions differently than a specialized desktop email client. A desktop client is software installed directly on a computer. In contrast, webmail works as a web application. This allows users to send and receive messages from any location with a browser.

Roundcube 1.6.0 screenshot
Roundcube 1.6.0 screenshot

Many internet service providers (ISPs) include webmail in their service packages. Web hosting providers also frequently offer it as part of their hosting services.

The way webmail interacts with other systems depends on specific protocols. If a user uses a desktop client with the POP3 protocol, difficulties may arise. POP3 can download messages and remove them from the server. If this happens, those messages are no longer available to view via webmail. A user would only be able to preview them before they are downloaded. To prevent this, users can choose to leave emails on the server. Alternatively, the IMAP4 protocol allows for consistent synchronization. Using IMAP4 ensures that the mailbox contents remain the same across both webmail and desktop clients. Any action taken in one interface is reflected in the other.

Webmail technology has evolved through several distinct types of deployment. Some organizations develop their own in-house software to manage applications. Others purchase software from specialized companies. These companies often sell webmail as part of an integrated mail server package. An early example of this was the Netscape Messaging Server. Many large enterprises, such as universities and corporations, also deploy webmail. They use it to provide email access to their specific user communities. Some of these organizations manage the mail locally, while others outsource the service.

The history of webmail began with early experiments in the early 1990s. In 1993, Phillip Hallam-Baker developed the first implementation at CERN. He created it to test the HTTP protocol stack. While that specific version was not developed further, it paved the way for others. By 1995, several working applications appeared across Europe. Søren Vejrum released "WWW Mail" in Denmark on February 28, 1995. Luca Manunza released "WebMail" in Sardinia on March 30, 1995. Remy Wetzels also released a version in the Netherlands in early January 1995.

Significant developments also occurred in the United States during 1995. Matt Mankins wrote "Webex" at the University of Miami under Dr. Burt Rosenberg. He released the source code for Webex in August 1995. Meanwhile, Bill Fitler demonstrated a webmail implementation for Lotus. The public reaction to the Lotus demonstration was incredibly enthusiastic. Some observers described the crowd as being like an "angry mob" because they wanted the technology immediately. Lotus later released "cc:Mail for the World Wide Web 1.0" in the fall of 1995. This provided a web-based alternative to the standard desktop application.

Commercialization changed how the public accessed these services. Mankins' company, DotShop, Inc., began selling "Webex" at the end of 1995. The software was later renamed "EMUmail." It was sold to large companies like UPS and Rackspace before being sold to Accurev in 2001. EMUmail was notable for offering a free version that included embedded advertising. This model was followed by the launch of Hotmail and RocketMail in 1996. Both services were free and gained massive popularity very quickly. These services helped make webmail a widespread tool for the general public.

Modern webmail services face challenges regarding rendering and privacy. Services like Gmail, Outlook.com, and Yahoo! Mail handle HTML tags differently. Because of inconsistencies in CSS rendering, marketing companies often use older techniques. They rely on tables and inline stylesheets to ensure messages look correct across platforms. Privacy is another major consideration for users. Some services may analyze email contents for targeted advertising. Users at Gmail and Yahoo! Mail can often opt out of this practice. Additionally, using HTTPS is vital for security. HTTPS encrypts the connection to prevent third parties from reading data over unsecured networks. Gmail has used HTTPS since its launch. Both Yahoo! Mail and Gmail made HTTPS a requirement by 2014.

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