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Wari culture

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The Wari were a powerful Middle Horizon civilization in the Andes. They flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal Peru. Their timeline lasted from about 500 to 1000 AD. At their peak, they formed the Wari Empire. This empire covered much of the highlands and the coast. The capital city was called Wari. It was located northeast of Ayacucho, Peru.

Earflare MET vs1978 412 215 216
Earflare MET vs1978 412 215 216

This city served as the central hub for their vast territory.

Expansion was a key part of Wari history. Around 600 AD, the empire began moving into new areas. They took control of villages in the Carahuarazo Valley. This movement caused some existing villages to be abandoned. The Wari even destroyed one village to build Jincamocco. This was a new administrative center for them. They also expanded into lands once held by the Moche and Chimu cultures. Scholars debate why they expanded so much. Some suggest religious conversion or spreading agricultural knowledge. Others believe military conquest drove their growth.

Agriculture was vital to how the Wari lived. They introduced terrace agriculture to many new areas. Terracing involves building stone steps on hillsides to farm. This allowed them to grow both tubers and maize. Maize is a type of corn. They also built storage structures near their farming sites. These buildings likely held their staple crops for later use. This organized farming helped support their growing population. The Wari also built road networks to connect their provinces.

Huari style - Unku with designs of stylized figures - Google Art Project
Huari style - Unku with designs of stylized figures - Google Art Project

The Wari had a complex social hierarchy. They did not use a written language. Instead, they used a tool called a khipu. A khipu is a record made of knotted strings. Many scholars think the Wari were the first to use them. They used architecture to show social status. Their administrative centers were often large, rectangular enclosures. These buildings were made of rough fieldstones coated in white plaster. They also built unique D-shaped structures for temples. These temples were usually small, about 10 meters wide.

Archaeologists find many clues about Wari wealth and social classes. In 2013, they found the El Castillo de Huarmey royal tomb. This tomb contained three royal women and many rich items. This discovery proved the Wari had significant material wealth. In the city of Conchopata, researchers found remains of 200 people. This site showed a mix of servants, middle-class people, and elites. Evidence of violence was also found at Conchopata. Studies of skulls showed many individuals had wounds. This suggests that warfare or raiding increased as the empire changed.

Art and religion were deeply connected for the Wari. They worshipped a deity known as the Staff God. This god appears on many textiles and pottery urns. Some think this god influenced later Inca gods. The Wari were famous for their high-quality textiles. They made tapestries, hats, and tunics for high-ranking officials. These tunics used miles of thread and complex geometric designs. They also made sophisticated metalwork using silver, copper, and gold. They crafted items like jewelry, bowls, and masks.

Huari style - Unku with designs of stylized figures - Google Art Project
Huari style - Unku with designs of stylized figures - Google Art Project

The Wari civilization began to decline around 800 AD. This was caused by centuries of drought. Without enough rain, their systems began to fail. In the capital city, people stopped all major construction. Some buildings had their doorways deliberately blocked up. It seems they hoped to return when the rains came. However, the Wari eventually faded from history by 1000 AD. Their collapse marked the start of the Late Intermediate Period. Many of their ideas, like terracing, influenced the later Inca Empire.

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File:Earflare MET vs1978 412 215 216.jpg
Earflare MET vs1978 412 215 216.jpg
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Snuff Tray MET DT1273 (cropped).jpg
File:Huari style - Unku with designs of stylized figures - Google Art Project.jpg
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