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Voltaire

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Voltaire was a central figure of the French Enlightenment.

Atelier de Nicolas de Largillière, portrait de Voltaire, détail (musée Carnavalet) -002
Atelier de Nicolas de Largillière, portrait de Voltaire, détail (musée Carnavalet) -002

He was a philosopher, historian, and satirist. His work focused on defending civil liberties. He advocated for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. He also supported the separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer who produced over 2,000 books and pamphlets. He also wrote more than 20,000 letters during his lifetime. His writing reached an international audience, making him a commercially successful author.

Voltaire-5
Voltaire-5

Voltaire's early life in Paris shaped his intellectual journey. He was born François-Marie Arouet in 1694. He was the youngest of five children. His father was a lawyer and a minor treasury official. Voltaire studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand from 1704 to 1711. There, he learned Latin, theology, and rhetoric. His father wanted him to practice law. However, Voltaire chose to pursue writing instead. He even pretended to work for a notary to focus on poetry. This early defiance set the stage for his future career.

In 1718, he adopted the pen name Voltaire.

Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire, 1778, NGA 1266
Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire, 1778, NGA 1266

The origin of this name is not entirely certain. Some believe it is an anagram of his surname, Arouet. Others suggest it was inspired by a childhood nickname. Using a pen name helped him navigate a world of strict censorship. He was known to use at least 178 different pen names. This allowed him to publish ideas even when the French monarchy or the Catholic Church disapproved. His wit became his most powerful tool against intolerance and religious dogma.

Voltaire's relationship with authority often led to conflict. He was twice sentenced to prison and once exiled. One instance involved an eleven-month stay in the Bastille. This followed his writing of a satirical verse about the Regent. In 1726, he was arrested again after a dispute with a nobleman. To avoid indefinite imprisonment, he requested exile to England. He lived in England for about two and a half years. He stayed in places like Wandsworth and London.

Voltaire-last-house
Voltaire-last-house

His time in England was a period of major intellectual growth. He was impressed by the British constitutional monarchy. He saw much more religious tolerance and freedom of speech there. He also studied English literature and met writers like Alexander Pope. He was particularly interested in the works of William Shakespeare. Voltaire's observations of English society were recorded in his work, *Letters Concerning the English Nation*. This book caused a scandal in France and was publicly burned. It praised British rights over the French system.

Upon his return to France, Voltaire became very wealthy. He participated in a government lottery consortium. This investment earned him perhaps one million livres. This financial independence allowed him to write more freely. He also had a long, 16-year relationship with Émilie du Châtelet. She was a highly skilled mathematician. Their partnership was a significant part of his later life.

Château de Voltaire à Ferney 3
Château de Voltaire à Ferney 3

One of his most famous works is the novella *Candide*. This book uses satire to critique the philosophies of his era. Specifically, it mocks Gottfried Leibniz's idea that we live in the "best of all possible worlds." Voltaire used humor to challenge established thinkers and institutions. His work remains a cornerstone of Enlightenment thought. Today, his legacy is honored in the Panthéon in Paris.

Tombeau et statue de Voltaire, Paris 8 juin 2014
Tombeau et statue de Voltaire, Paris 8 juin 2014

He remains a symbol of the fight for human rights and intellectual freedom.

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