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Viktor Bout

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Viktor Anatolyevich Bout is a Russian businessman and politician known for his extensive history in the global arms trade. Born around January 13, 1967, in Dushanbe, Tajik SSR, Bout became a Russian citizen after the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. He gained international notoriety as an arms dealer who specialized in moving weapons across borders. A British minister, Peter Hain, famously called him the "Merchant of Death" in a 2003 United Nations report. This nickname came from Bout's vast network of clients and his habit of bypassing international embargoes.

Viktor Bout Extradited To The United States
Viktor Bout Extradited To The United States

Bout's early life and military background provided him with unique skills for international business. He graduated from the Soviet Military Institute of Foreign Languages in the late 1980s. This training made him a polyglot, meaning he could speak many languages fluently. He mastered English, French, Arabic, Farsi, and Portuguese. He also learned Esperanto, an international constructed language, at age 12. Some reports say he served as a lieutenant or major in the Soviet military. His time in the military included work in Angola during the late 1980s. During his time in Africa, he also learned the Xhosa and Zulu languages.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Bout transitioned from military service to the private sector. He used his connections to purchase surplus Soviet-era military equipment. In 1995, he founded an air freight company called Air Cess in Liberia. He utilized various cargo aircraft to move goods globally. These included the Antonov An-12 and the Antonov An-8. He also operated the larger Il-76 transport plane.

While his companies sometimes provided legal services to the United Nations or the French government, they were also central to arms trafficking. His planes moved everything from flowers and frozen chicken to weapons for various conflicts.

Bout's operations often involved complex logistics and multiple layers of deception. He frequently used forged end-user certificates to move weapons. An end-user certificate is a document that states who the final recipient of a shipment will be. In one instance, weapons were moved from Bulgaria using forged papers from Togo. These weapons were actually intended for UNITA, a group in the Angolan Civil War. At that time, the United Nations had placed an embargo on arms to Angola. This meant that importing weapons into the country was prohibited by international law.

Ilyushin Il-76 AN0197520
Ilyushin Il-76 AN0197520

Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bout's reach extended to many different regions. He made shipments to the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan during the 1990s. The Central Intelligence Agency reported that his planes transported small arms and ammunition there. In the 2000s, he was suspected of supplying weapons to groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Some reports suggest his network operated between 40 and 60 aircraft and employed about 300 people. He also allegedly had a presence in Libya and was linked to various groups in the Middle East. His ability to constantly move locations and re-register aircraft made him very difficult for authorities to track.

In 2008, Bout's career faced a major turning point when he was arrested in Thailand. The arrest was a sting operation involving the Royal Thai Police, American authorities, and Interpol. The United States accused him of attempting to sell weapons to a DEA informer. The informer was pretending to represent the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, known as the FARC. Although Bout denied the charges, the Supreme Court of Thailand mandated his extradition to the United States in 2010.

Viktor Bout Extradited To The United States
Viktor Bout Extradited To The United States

In 2011, a federal jury in Manhattan convicted him of conspiracy to kill American citizens and officials. He was also convicted of delivering anti-aircraft missiles and aiding a terrorist organization.

Bout served ten years in the United States Penitentiary, Marion, after receiving a 25-year sentence. His imprisonment ended in December 2022 through a high-profile prisoner exchange. The United States released Bout in exchange for American basketball player Brittney Griner. Griner had been held in Russia after being sentenced for bringing cannabis oil into the country. Upon his return to Russia, Bout entered a new chapter of his life. He joined the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia in 2022. On July 2, 2023, he won a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ulyanovsk Oblast. This transition moved him from the secretive world of international arms to the public sphere of Russian politics.

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File:Centrafican IL-76T TL-ADH (6822783607).jpg
Centrafican IL-76T TL-ADH (6822783607).jpg
File:Ilyushin Il-76 AN0197520.jpg
Ilyushin Il-76 AN0197520.jpg
File:Viktor Bout Extradited To The United States.jpg
Viktor Bout Extradited To The United States.jpg
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