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Tudigong

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A Tudigong is a type of Chinese tutelary deity. Tutelary means acting as a guardian or a patron for a specific place. These deities protect a particular geographical location and the human communities living there. This concept exists within Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism.

HK Sheung Wan Tai Ping Shan Street Water Lane Temple 上環水巷福德宮a
HK Sheung Wan Tai Ping Shan Street Water Lane Temple 上環水巷福德宮a

Because they are tied to specific land, a Tudigong of one location cannot be the deity for another. There are many different Tudigongs, and some regions may venerate multiple ones together.

The hierarchy of these deities follows a structured system of ranks. Tudigongs are considered among the lower-ranked divinities in the celestial order. They sit just below the City Gods, also known as the God of Local City. However, they rank above the dizhu shen.

HK Shatin 大圍村 Tai Wai Village land god Tu Di Gong
HK Shatin 大圍村 Tai Wai Village land god Tu Di Gong

The supreme overlord of this system is Houtu, the Lord of Local Land. Houtu holds authority over the Tudigongs, the City Gods, the Shan Shen (God of Mountains), the Sheji (the State), and the dizhu shen.

These deities are often viewed as holding appointed positions. This role is similar to that of an alderman in a local government. The name Tudigong comes from the words Tu (earth), Di (ground), and Gong (grandfather or duke). Many different names exist for this deity depending on the region or tradition. Some call him Tudishen, Tugong, or Sheshen. In South East Asia, the Chinese population extensively uses the name Tua Pek Kong to refer to the same deity.

Sheshen etymology
Sheshen etymology

The origins of Tudigong are found in the ancient Sheshen belief system. Sheshen are deities associated with the soil and grain. The character 社 originally meant soil and carried a connotation of divinity. It is a combination of the characters for deity (示) and soil (土).

Sheshen etymology
Sheshen etymology

One of the earliest recorded Sheshen was a son of Gonggong. He was appointed as a god of the soil by Zhuanxu. Over time, the sacrifices once made to Sheshen transitioned into sacrifices for Tudigong.

History shows that Tudigongs became very popular among villagers during the Ming dynasty in the 14th century. Before the City Gods became more prominent, land worship followed a strict social hierarchy. In that system, different classes of people were only allowed to worship the land gods within their specific command. Some scholars suggest the rise of Tudigong popularity happened because of an imperial edict. They note that the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty was reportedly born in a Tudigong shrine.

Visually, a Tudigong is typically portrayed as an old man with a long white beard. He is often shown wearing simple clothes and wearing a smiling expression. Common people frequently call him "grandfather" or yeye to show a close relationship.

HK Sheung Wan Tai Ping Shan Street Water Lane Temple 上環水巷福德宮a
HK Sheung Wan Tai Ping Shan Street Water Lane Temple 上環水巷福德宮a

In some traditions, he has a wife named Tudipo, the Grandmother of the Soil and the Ground. Some stories describe her as a young lady whom the Jade Emperor bestowed upon Tudigong. In these stories, she is tasked with overseeing how many blessings he distributes to ensure they are not given out unnecessarily.

Temples for Tudigong are common in China, Tibet, Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong.

HK Sheung Wan Tai Ping Shan Street Water Lane Temple 上環水巷福德宮a
HK Sheung Wan Tai Ping Shan Street Water Lane Temple 上環水巷福德宮a

People may also find small shrines called Tudigong Houses within their homes. In Taiwan, special festivals are held on the second day of the second lunar month for his birthday. Another festival occurs on the 15th day of the eighth month. Worshippers pray to him for physical health or wealth. They also worship him before burials to express gratitude for using his land to return bodies to the earth.

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File:Sheshen etymology.svg
Sheshen etymology.svg
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HK_Sheung_Wan_Tai_Ping_Shan_Street_Water_L...
File:HK_Shatin_大圍村_Tai_Wai_Village_land_god_Tu_Di_Gong.JPG
HK_Shatin_大圍村_Tai_Wai_Village_land_god_Tu_...
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