Track spikes

Track spikes are specialized footwear designed to provide traction for athletes racing on a track.

While the term "spikes" often refers to the shoes themselves, the protruding parts are technically called pins. These shoes are built to be exceptionally light. Some models weigh less than half of a standard running shoe. The design focuses on efficiency and speed. To achieve this, the toe region often features an upward angle called a taper.

A large taper is described as "aggressive." This design encourages athletes to run on their toes. However, wearing them for leisure can cause injury. This is because the shoes are not meant for walking in a relaxed manner.

The mechanism of a track spike relies on a rigid or semi-rigid spike plate. This plate is located at the front of the sole. It contains between three and nine threaded holes known as spike wells.

Athletes use a small tool called a spike wrench to screw the spikes into these wells. Some modern designs include a "through hole" at the bottom of the spike. This feature makes it easier to install, remove, or tighten the pins. While most spikes are removable, some shoes feature permanent or "fixed" spikes. It is possible for spikes to break during the intensity of a competition.

There are several distinct types of track shoes based on the specific event. Sprint spikes are designed for short distances like the 100 to 400 meter events or hurdles. They feature a very stiff spike plate and a high, rigid taper. This maximizes energy transfer during each stride. Because sprinters stay on their toes, these shoes require very little heel support. They are built to fit like a glove to prevent the foot from slipping.

In contrast, distance spikes are more flexible. They offer more support through the mid-foot and heel. These shoes typically use 1/4-inch spikes to balance traction with comfort. Middle distance spikes act as a hybrid, offering intermediate levels of cushioning and support.

Cross country spikes are another specialized category. These are designed for the uneven and rough terrain found off the track. They feature a more durable rubber sole and a supportive mid-foot for stabilization.

Unlike track runners, cross country athletes often use larger 3/8-inch or 1/2-inch spikes for better grip. Field event shoes also vary significantly. Long jump shoes resemble sprint spikes for speed. High jump shoes feature flat bottoms and heel spikes to assist with energy transfer. Even shot put and discus shoes are categorized here, though they use flat rubber soles without spikes.

The history of these shoes shows a long evolution of technology. The concept of using spikes for traction is ancient. For example, a 1852 dictionary mentions spikes used by military arms during the time of Paul the Apostle. By the 1860s, spikes had become popular in England.

J.W. Foster and Sons created revolutionary running pumps that were worn by British athletes. Harold Abrahams, a 100m Olympic champion, made these shoes famous in the 1924 Paris Olympics. Later, Adolf Dassler, the founder of Adidas, helped advance the design. He moved away from heavy metal spikes toward canvas and rubber. He even carved spikes by hand. Jesse Owens wore these designs during the 1936 Olympics, which helped popularize the new technology.

Spikes themselves come in various shapes and materials, such as metal or ceramic.

The pyramid spike is a conical shape that tapers to a sharp point. The needle, or pin, is also sharp but has a thinner diameter. There is also the "Christmas tree" spike, which uses a terraced cone shape. This design is intended to compress the track surface rather than penetrate it. Some tracks are sensitive and only allow specific lengths or types of spikes. This ensures that the synthetic surfaces are not damaged by the athletes.

Today, the industry is shaped by both major manufacturers and individual athletes. Companies like Nike, Adidas, Asics, and Puma are notable producers.

However, the landscape has shifted toward athlete-influenced brands. Allyson Felix became the first track and field athlete to win Olympic medals in her own branded shoes, the Saysh Spike One. This represents a new era where the people performing in the shoes also influence their design and production.