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Tonkatsu

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Tonkatsu is a celebrated Japanese cutlet made from pork.

Nagoya 20210305-04
Nagoya 20210305-04

The name is a combination of two distinct parts. The first part comes from the Sino-Japanese word "ton," which means pig. The second part is a shortened version of "katsuretsu." This term is an old transliteration of the English word "cutlet." The word "cutlet" was itself adopted from the French word "côtelette." Tonkatsu is a primary example of yōshoku. This term refers to Western-style Japanese dishes. It is considered one of the "three great yōshoku" alongside karē raisu and korokke.

The preparation of tonkatsu follows a precise sequence to ensure a crispy texture. A cook begins with slices of pork loin or fillet. The meat is first seasoned with salt and pepper. Next, the pork is dredged lightly in flour. The flour-coated meat is then dipped into beaten egg. After the egg coating, the pork is covered in panko. Panko are Japanese bread crumbs used for frying. Finally, the cutlet is deep-fried in hot oil. This process creates a crunchy exterior that contrasts with the meat.

Lカツカレー(カレーのチャンピオン近江市場店)
Lカツカレー(カレーのチャンピオン近江市場店)

There are several distinct types of katsuretsu that have existed throughout history. In the early Meiji era, chefs developed various meat versions. These included beef katsuretsu (bīfu katsuretsu) and chicken katsuretsu (chikin katsuretsu). There was also pōku katsuretsu, which used pork. While beef was common in European katsuretsu, the pork version became the direct predecessor of modern tonkatsu. Today, other variations exist, such as menchi-katsu. This version uses a minced meat patty instead of a solid slice. There is also hamu katsu, which uses ham as a budget alternative.

The history of tonkatsu is tied to the Meiji era in the late 19th century. The dish originated from a French dish known as côtelette de veau. This French dish is a veal cutlet coated in breadcrumbs and pan-fried with butter. In 1899, a restaurant in Tokyo named Rengatei served a pork version. This was a major change from the European style, which usually used beef. Pork cutlets began to gain significant popularity around 1907. By the Taishō era, the dish was established as a major yōshoku staple. In 1929, a new form emerged in the Okachimachi neighborhood of Ueno, Tokyo. This modern version used a much thicker cut of pork.

Tonkatsu is often served as part of a complete, balanced meal. It is commonly sliced into bite-sized pieces before serving. It is frequently paired with shredded cabbage to add freshness.

Sauce Katsudon in Hong Kong
Sauce Katsudon in Hong Kong

Most people eat it with a thick, Worcestershire-style sauce called tonkatsu sauce. Some may also use karashi, which is Japanese mustard, or a slice of lemon. Another option is to serve it with ponzu and grated daikon. A traditional meal usually includes white rice, miso soup, and tsukemono, which are Japanese pickles. Diners typically use chopsticks to eat this combination.

Many creative variations of tonkatsu have emerged in different regions and styles. One popular version is katsudon, where the cutlet is simmered with egg and broth over rice.

Sauce Katsudon in Hong Kong
Sauce Katsudon in Hong Kong

Another is katsu curry, where the meat is served with Japanese curry. In the 1930s, the Isen restaurant created the katsu-sando, a pork cutlet sandwich.

KatsuSando6515
KatsuSando6515

The manager of Isen made these sandwiches smaller for local geishas. This allowed them to eat the snack without wearing off their lipstick. In Nagoya, a specialty called miso katsu is popular. This version uses a sauce based on hatchō miso. Some cooks even sandwich cheese or shiso leaves inside the meat before frying.

Tonkatsu belongs to a broader category of Japanese fried foods known as furai. This term is used for many breaded and deep-fried items. Examples include ebi-furai, which are fried prawns, and aji-furai, or fried horse mackerel. However, there is a linguistic distinction for meat. While seafood is called furai, fried meats like pork, beef, or chicken are called katsu. This is different from tempura. Tempura uses a liquid batter rather than panko bread crumbs. It is also typically fried in sesame oil. Understanding these terms helps clarify how different fried foods are classified in Japanese cuisine.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Nagoya 20210305-04.jpg
Nagoya 20210305-04.jpg
Tonkatsu Japan - 2014 12 12.webm
File:Sauce Katsudon in Hong Kong.jpg
Sauce Katsudon in Hong Kong.jpg
File:Lカツカレー(カレーのチャンピオン近江市場店).jpg
Lカツカレー(カレーのチャンピオン近江市場店).jpg
File:KatsuSando6515.jpg
KatsuSando6515.jpg
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