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Tokusatsu

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Tokusatsu is a Japanese term for live-action films or television programs. These productions make heavy use of practical special effects to tell stories. While it is often used as a specific genre, it more broadly describes the technology used in media. Most tokusatsu stories belong to science fiction, superhero, fantasy, or horror. This style of filmmaking is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in Japan.

Tokusatsu
Tokusatsu

Although many series are known only within Japan, some have achieved global fame. The giant monster Godzilla is a primary example of this worldwide reach.

Filmmakers use several specific techniques to create these spectacular worlds. One central method is called suitmation. This process involves a human actor wearing a large costume to portray a monster. This technique is often combined with the use of miniatures. Miniatures are scaled-down models of cities or buildings. By placing the camera at specific angles, directors create an illusion. This makes the characters appear much larger than they are in reality. Some creators even use stop-motion animation or puppets to move their creatures.

Eiji Tsuburaya - 1960
Eiji Tsuburaya - 1960

The roots of these techniques lie in early Japanese theater. Specifically, kabuki used intense action and fight scenes to engage audiences. Other early forms utilized puppetry for special effects. Shōzō Makino is credited as the founding father of these techniques. He directed jidaigeki films that featured early special effects. His work inspired other filmmakers, such as Yoshirō Edamasa, to use similar technology. Edamasa employed these methods in films like Journey to the West in 1917. These early developments laid the groundwork for modern practical effects.

Modern tokusatsu began to take shape through the work of Eiji Tsuburaya. After researching the special effects in the 1933 film King Kong, Tsuburaya developed his own breakthrough techniques. In 1954, he and director Ishirō Honda collaborated on the film Godzilla. This production changed the landscape of Japanese cinema and science fiction. It helped the company Toho become a successful effects company. The success of Godzilla triggered a "Monster Boom" in Japan. This era featured popular characters like Gamera and King Ghidorah.

As time passed, the popularity of the genre began to shift. In 1957, the film serial Super Giant signaled a move toward masked heroes. This led to the "Henshin Boom," which was started by the series Kamen Rider in 1971. This period saw a rise in televised superhero dramas. One of the first major series was Moonlight Mask, which premiered in 1968. Later, the Kyodai Hero subgenre emerged with shows like Ultraman. In these stories, a regular-sized hero grows to a massive size to fight monsters. This allowed for a new way to showcase the scale of the battles.

Tokusatsu is organized into several distinct subgenres. Kaiju productions focus on giant monsters, such as the Godzilla or Gamera series. Superhero shows feature masked protagonists, including the Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series. The Kyodai Hero subgenre features protagonists who grow to giant proportions. Mecha productions focus on giant robots, such as Giant Robo. Some television programs, like the Super Sentai series, combine these different themes. This variety allows for many different types of storytelling within the same technical framework.

These Japanese techniques have eventually spread to other countries. The 1956 English release of Godzilla was an entirely re-edited version of the original. In 1961, English filmmakers produced Gorgo using similar suitmation techniques. Other international versions include the South Korean film Yonggary from 1967. In the United States, the series Kamen Rider Ryuki was adapted into Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight in 2009. This adaptation won a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Stunt Coordination. Even more recently, the 2023 production Voltes V: Legacy used effects reminiscent of traditional tokusatsu. This shows how the influence of these practical effects continues to move across the globe.

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Eiji Tsuburaya - 1960.jpg
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