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Toilet paper

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Toilet paper is a specialized tissue paper product designed for personal hygiene.

Toiletpapier (Gobran111)
Toiletpapier (Gobran111)

Its primary function is to clean the anus and surrounding regions after defecation. It also cleans the external genitalia and perineal area after urination. Most people recognize it as a long, perforated strip of paper. This strip is wrapped around a cylindrical paperboard core. The bundle is commonly called a toilet roll, loo roll, or bog roll.

Klopapierrolle mit Halter
Klopapierrolle mit Halter

It is typically stored in a dispenser within arm's reach of the toilet.

Manufacturing toilet paper involves several technical processes to ensure quality and function. Most modern paper is made from pulpwood trees. Some manufacturers also use bamboo or byproducts from sugar cane. To improve effectiveness, companies use a process called embossing. This creates a pattern on the surface of the paper. Embossing increases the total surface area of the sheet. A larger surface area helps the paper absorb waste more effectively. Manufacturers also vary the number of layers, known as plies. A sheet can range from one-ply to as many as six-ply. More plies provide greater strength and absorbency for the user.

Toilet paper comes in many different physical formats and qualities. The "ply" refers to the number of layers stacked together. Single-ply paper is often described as "hard" or institutional grade. It is typically coarse and may contain small amounts of unpulped paper. Mid-grade paper is usually two-ply and has more texture for softness. Premium or "luxury" paper may include extra features. These can include being quilted, rippled, or even perfumed. Some high-end brands add a light coating of aloe, lotion, or wax. This helps to reduce roughness on the skin.

Einfallslos I
Einfallslos I

The size of a single sheet varies significantly depending on the country. In many European nations like France or Germany, sheets are about postcard size. This is often referred to as the DIN A6 format. In England, the standard format is slightly wider. Thailand uses a very wide landscape format for its sheets. In the United States, sheet sizes have actually been shrinking since 1999. For example, Kimberly-Clark reduced the length of its sheets. Scott also reduced its product length in 2006. These changes resulted in a general sheet size that is both shorter and narrower.

History shows that humans have sought ways to stay clean for centuries. Records from China show the use of paper for hygiene as early as the 6th century AD. By the 14th century, mass production was already occurring. In the Zhejiang region, factories produced ten million packages annually. These packages contained between 1,000 and 10,000 sheets each. During the Ming dynasty, the imperial court in Nanjing used 720,000 sheets per year. The Hongwu Emperor’s family used 15,000 sheets of special, soft, perfumed paper. Before modern paper, people used many different materials. These included wool, leaves, stones, or even sponges on sticks.

Modern commercial toilet paper emerged during the 19th century. Joseph Gayetty is credited with inventing it in the United States. He introduced his "Medicated Paper" in 1857. This product was sold in flat, watermarked packages. Later, Seth Wheeler obtained patents for rolls and dispensers in 1883. The Scott Paper Company helped popularize the use of rolls in 1890. In 1942, St Andrew Mills introduced soft two-ply paper in Britain. This product eventually became the famous brand known as Andrex.

DDR Klopapier
DDR Klopapier

In the 1990s, Andrex also introduced moist toilet paper, known as wet wipes.

Today, toilet paper is a massive global commodity with significant economic impact. In the United States, more than seven billion rolls are sold every year. The average American uses approximately 23.6 rolls per person annually. Because it is so essential, shortages can cause significant social concern. In 1973, a joke about a shortage caused people to buy abnormal amounts. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, many countries experienced panic buying. This led to widespread shortages as suppliers struggled to meet high demand.

Toilet tissue roll on seat
Toilet tissue roll on seat

Understanding how toilet paper interacts with plumbing is vital for modern systems. Most modern toilet paper is designed to decompose in septic tanks. This ensures it breaks down quickly in the environment. However, some products like wet wipes do not decompose as easily. These products have been linked to the creation of "fatbergs" in sewer systems. Because of this, some cities now run education campaigns about what not to flush. The use of paper also relates to broader global habits. In many parts of the world, people prefer using water via a bidet or a lota. This is often considered a cleaner or more sanitary practice than using paper.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Toiletpapier (Gobran111).jpg
Toiletpapier (Gobran111).jpg
File:Klopapierrolle mit Halter.jpg
Klopapierrolle mit Halter.jpg
File:Toiletpaper18.jpg
Toiletpaper18.jpg
File:Einfallslos I.jpg
Einfallslos I.jpg
File:Papier toaletowy.jpg
Papier toaletowy.jpg
File:DDR Klopapier.jpg
DDR Klopapier.jpg
File:Toilet tissue roll on seat.jpg
Toilet tissue roll on seat.jpg
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