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Titus Larcius

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Titus Larcius was a significant statesman and general during the early Roman Republic. He belonged to the Larcii, an Etruscan family living in Rome. Their family name, or nomen, comes from the Etruscan name Lars. Titus lived roughly between 501 and 493 BC. He is most famous for being the first Roman dictator. He also served as a consul, which was a high-ranking leader, on two separate occasions. His brother, Spurius Larcius, was also a celebrated hero of the Republic. Spurius famously defended a wooden bridge over the Tiber River.

In 501 BC, during the ninth year of the Republic, Larcius served his first consulship. His colleague in this role was Postumus Cominius Auruncus. Rome faced several serious problems during this time. A group of young Sabines caused a disturbance within the city. Additionally, tensions were rising with the Latin towns nearby. Octavius Mamilius, the prince of Tusculum, was trying to form an alliance with thirty towns in Latium. This alliance aimed to restore the former king, Tarquinius Superbus, to the Roman throne.

To handle these threats, Rome created a new type of leader called a dictator. This role was originally known as the praetor maximus or magister populi, meaning "master of the infantry." A dictator held supreme authority to protect the city during emergencies. Unlike consuls, the people could not appeal a dictator's decisions. This power was strictly limited to a period of six months. The Senate instructed the consuls to nominate a dictator for this task. Cominius chose Larcius to fill this new, powerful position.

Once appointed, Larcius chose his own assistant, known as the magister equitum or "master of the horse." He selected Spurius Cassius, who had defeated the Sabines the previous year. The creation of this office alarmed the Sabines, who sent messengers to Rome to avoid war. While war was eventually declared, no actual battle took place between the two sides. Larcius used his time in office to perform several important duties. He held the census to count the citizens and managed the consular elections. He also negotiated with Latin towns to maintain or gain allies.

Larcius set an important precedent for how the office of dictator should work. He stepped down from his position before his six-month term officially ended. In 498 BC, he returned to leadership as consul alongside Quintus Cloelius Siculus. This year brought the long-expected war with the Latins. While the dictator Aulus Postumius Albus led troops to victory at the Battle of Lake Regillus, Larcius captured the town of Fidenae. After his time as consul, Dionysius claims Larcius dedicated the temple of Saturn at the foot of the Capitoline Hill.

Later in his career, Larcius worked to address social issues within Rome. In 494 BC, he served as praefectus urbi, or urban prefect. During this time, he tried to help the plebs, who were the common people, by easing their debt burdens. Although his specific measures were not successful, he remained an important negotiator. When the plebeians left the city to camp on the Mons Sacer, Larcius was sent by the Senate to talk with them. This embassy helped lead to the creation of the tribunes of the people, who represented the common citizens.

Historians sometimes debate the exact details of Larcius's life and the origins of the dictatorship. One tradition suggests that Manius Valerius was actually the first dictator. However, the historian Livy doubted this, noting that a man usually had to be a consul before becoming a dictator. Another theory places the start of the dictatorship in 498 BC rather than 501 BC. Despite these uncertainties, Larcius remains a central figure in Roman history. His life has even inspired literature, including the play Coriolanus by William Shakespeare.

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