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The Pillow Book

arts Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The Pillow Book is a famous collection of Japanese writings. It was created by Sei Shōnagon, a lady at the imperial court. She served Empress Consort Fujiwara no Teishi during the Heian period. Shōnagon lived and wrote during the 990s and early 1000s. She finished her work in the year 1002.

Sei Shonagon2
Sei Shonagon2

This book is much more than a simple diary. It is a genre-bending miscellany of short, unrelated pieces. It includes essays, anecdotes, poems, and descriptive passages. These writings capture the whims and ideas of Shōnagon. They reflect her daily life and the atmosphere of the imperial court.

Shōnagon's writing follows a specific structure. Her work is categorized into three distinct parts. The first part consists of narratives. These stories focus on events she witnessed in the court. The second part contains her personal thoughts and opinions. The third part features her famous lists, also called headings.

Hyakuninisshu 062
Hyakuninisshu 062

There are 164 of these lists in total. They range from aesthetically pleasing items to less diplomatic anecdotes. One famous example is titled "Things That Make the Heart Grow Fonder." These lists allow readers to see the world through her eyes.

Writing in the Heian period involved different systems for men and women. Most men wrote in Chinese using characters known as kanji. This was considered a high-status method of writing. However, Japanese women typically wrote in hiragana. Hiragana is a syllabary derived from Chinese characters. It uses syllables rather than single concepts. This allowed women more freedom to express inner thoughts. It also helped them note the inflections of spoken language. Shōnagon used this native tongue to demonstrate her intelligence and wit.

Shōnagon did not write this book for a public audience. She wrote it for her own personal enjoyment. It served as a way to express feelings she could not state publicly. Because of her lower status, she had to keep many thoughts private. Interestingly, part of her work was revealed by accident. She left her writing on a cushion for a visiting guest. The guest took the writing despite her pleas.

Sei Shonagon2
Sei Shonagon2

This accidental sharing began the book's journey toward fame.

The history of the text involves many different versions. For centuries, the book existed only as handwritten manuscripts. It was first printed in the 17th century. Scholars today study four main variants of the text. The Sankanbon and Nōinbon texts are the most accurate. The Sankanbon version is divided into 297 sections. It also contains 29 supplemental sections. These extra parts might be additions by Shōnagon or later copyists. These variations show how the book changed over time.

Many scholars have worked to bring this work to English readers. The first English translations appeared in 1889. These were done by T. A. Purcell and W. G. Aston. Later, Arthur Waley provided a partial translation in 1928. Ivan Morris completed the first full translation in 1967. In 2006, Meredith McKinney released a new complete translation.

Hyakuninisshu 062
Hyakuninisshu 062

McKinney's version is noted for its high accuracy. These translations allow modern readers to connect with Shōnagon's sharp wit.

The Pillow Book is a vital historical document. It provides deep information about 10th-century court society. It also influenced a genre called "assorted writing." The book gained mainstream popularity during the Edo period. This was when the merchant classes grew in number. It even inspired modern art, such as a 1996 film. It remains a landmark in the history of Japanese literature. Shōnagon's style is still studied as fine Japanese prose.

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