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Television film

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A television film is a motion picture with a running time similar to a feature film. It is produced and originally distributed by a terrestrial or cable television broadcaster. These films differ from theatrical films, which are first shown in movie theaters. They also differ from films released only for home video or those made for streaming platforms. In some cases, a television film is called a miniseries. This term usually means the story is divided into multiple parts. It can also refer to a series with a predetermined, limited number of episodes.

The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957) 2
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957) 2

The production process for these films involves specific technical constraints. Many early television programs were broadcast live rather than being filmed. To preserve these broadcasts, technicians used kinescope. This was a method of recording a program by filming the picture from a video monitor. It remained the only relatively inexpensive recording method until the invention of videotape. Some early films, such as the 1957 musical The Pied Piper of Hamelin, used Technicolor. This was a significant advancement because television ordinarily used color processes originated by specific networks.

Satan's School for Girls ad - The Evening News (1973)
Satan's School for Girls ad - The Evening News (1973)

Television films often follow a specific structural mechanism to suit the medium. Scripts are frequently written to include periodic semi-cliffhangers. These pauses coincide with scheduled times for inserting commercials. The films are also managed to fill, but not exceed, the fixed running times allotted by the network. Originally, these features filled 90-minute programming slots, which included commercials. Later, these time slots were expanded to two hours. Many were broadcast as weekly anthology series, such as the ABC Movie of the Week.

The history of the "made-for-TV movie" began with several precursors. One early example was Talk Faster, Mister, which aired in New York City in 1944. The specific term "made-for-TV movie" was coined in the United States during the early 1960s. This was used as an incentive to encourage movie audiences to stay home. In 1961, NBC began showing major theatrical releases during prime time with NBC Saturday Night at the Movies. The first film generally acknowledged as a made-for-TV movie was See How They Run, which debuted on NBC on October 7, 1964. The second recognized film was Don Siegel's The Hanged Man, broadcast by NBC on November 18, 1964.

Television films have shown significant changes in production numbers and viewership. In 1996, five large American networks produced 264 made-for-TV movies, with an average rating of 7.5. By 2000, this number fell to 146 movies, with an average rating of 5.4. However, the number of made-for-cable movies in the U.S. doubled between 1990 and 2000. Some films reached massive audiences. The most-watched television movie of all time is The Day After, which premiered on ABC in 1983 to an estimated 100 million people. Another major success was the Disney Channel's High School Musical 2, which drew 17.2 million viewers in 2007.

Many television films serve as connections to other types of media. Some are used as television pilots to launch a new series. For example, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, began as a movie before becoming a sitcom. Other films are sequels to existing series, such as the various Incredible Hulk returns. Some are "reunion" movies that bring back long-departed series characters. Occasionally, a television movie acts as a sequel to a successful theatrical film. The Parent Trap series is an example, as the sequels were produced specifically for television. Even some theatrical films, like High School Musical 3, began their journey as television productions.

Television films often relate to broader social and cultural topics. Some films are made to capitalize on stories prominent in the news. Others deal with controversial or serious subject matter. For instance, the film That Certain Summer was noted for approaching homosexuality in a non-threatening manner. Other films have addressed topics like racial prejudice or abortion. While some networks have moved away from investing in these films, cable networks like HBO, Hallmark, and Syfy continue to produce them. These productions often utilize top creative talent and may be adapted into the modern "limited series" format seen on streaming services.

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File:The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957) 2.jpg
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957) 2.jpg
File:Satan's School for Girls ad - The Evening News (1973).jpg
Satan's School for Girls ad - The Evening...
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