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Tamarin

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Tamarins are small, squirrel-sized monkeys belonging to the genus Saguinus. They are part of a larger family of primates called Callitrichidae. These monkeys are significant to scientists because they represent the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae evolutionary tree. This makes them a sister group to other primates like marmosets, Goeldi's monkeys, and lion tamarins.

Tamarin portrait 2 edit3
Tamarin portrait 2 edit3

Evolutionary history shows that tamarins branched away from their relatives roughly 13 to 15 million years ago. Researchers have worked for decades to organize these species correctly. In 1977, a scientist named Hershkovitz identified ten species based on their facial pelage, which is the hair on their faces. Later, a major taxonomic review in 2016 by Rylands and others changed how we view these groups. They used dental measurements to divide the monkeys into different clades, or evolutionary branches. This review suggested that the smaller nigricollis group might actually belong to a different genus called Leontocebus. However, some scientists in 2018 argued that these monkeys are still close enough to be considered a subgenus of Saguinus. This debate about how to classify them is still happening among primatologists today.

As of 2021, the genus Saguinus includes 22 different species and 19 subspecies. These are organized into different subgenera. The subgenus Saguinus contains groups like the midas group, which includes the golden-handed tamarin. It also includes the bicolor group and the oedipus group. The oedipus group is famous for the cotton-top tamarin. Another subgenus is called Tamarinus, which includes the mystax group. This group contains the moustached tamarin and the emperor tamarin.

Tamarin portrait 2 edit3
Tamarin portrait 2 edit3

Physically, tamarins vary a great deal in how they look. Their fur can be nearly all black or a mix of brown and white. Many species have facial hairs that look like a mustache. Their bodies are quite small, measuring between 13 and 30 centimeters long. They also have long tails that can reach 44 centimeters in length. Their weight typically ranges from 348 to 575 grams. In captivity, these monkeys can live a long time. Red-bellied tamarins can live up to 20.5 years, while cotton-top tamarins can live up to 23 years.

Tamarins live in tropical rainforests and open forest areas. They are arboreal, meaning they spend their lives in the trees. They are also diurnal, so they are active during the daylight hours. Most tamarins live in small family groups of three to nine members. However, some larger groups can contain up to 40 members. They are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. They consume fruits and plant parts, but they also hunt spiders, insects, small vertebrates, and bird eggs.

The way tamarins raise their young is a very social process. A female's gestation period, or pregnancy, usually lasts about 140 days. They almost always give birth to twins. Because raising young is difficult, the group works together. Adult males, juveniles, and subadults all help care for the babies. They carry the infants and bring them to the mother so they can nurse. After one month, the young start eating solid food. They are not fully weaned, or completely off mother's milk, for another two to three months. They reach full maturity by their second year.

Scientists have even found evidence that tamarins understand cooperation. Researchers Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon conducted experiments with cotton-top tamarins. They used a clear apparatus with food inside and two handles. The monkeys could only get the food if they both pulled their handles at the exact same time. The monkeys pulled the handles much more often when they had a partner than when they were alone. This suggests that cooperative behavior is a cognitive adaptation for them. This teamwork is vital for survival, especially since they must watch for predators like snakes, birds, and other mammals.

There is also an interesting connection between different types of tamarins in the same forest. Some saddle-back tamarins live in the same areas as Saguinus tamarins. This is called living sympatrically. However, they occupy different levels of the forest. Saddle-back tamarins live in the lower strata, or layers, of the forest. They have longer, narrower hands than Saguinus tamarins. This helps them search for insects in tiny crevices and leaf litter. Saguinus tamarins prefer to find insects that are out in the open on leaves or branches. This difference in lifestyle is part of why they were once thought to be entirely different genera.

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File:Tamarin portrait 2 edit3.jpg
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