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Tallow

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Tallow is a rendered form of animal fat. It is primarily made from the suet of beef, pork, or mutton. In industrial settings, tallow is defined by specific technical criteria, such as its melting point. It consists mostly of triglycerides, which are the main components of fats.

TriglycerideTallow
TriglycerideTallow

These triglycerides are composed of various fatty acids, including stearic and oleic acids. Because it is a versatile material, tallow is used in many different fields. It serves roles in food production, fuel manufacturing, and industrial lubrication.

The process of creating tallow is known as rendering. During rendering, fat tissue is heated to separate the liquid fat from other materials. After this process, some solid material remains. This residue is known by several names, such as cracklings, greaves, or graves. Greaves are specifically the fibrous matter left over when the skin has been removed.

Tallow-beef suet after rendering
Tallow-beef suet after rendering

These leftovers are often used for animal feed for pigs or dogs, or even as fish bait.

Tallow has a very specific chemical composition. Beef tallow is 100% fat, meaning it contains no water, protein, or carbohydrates. It is composed of different types of fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids make up 50% of beef tallow, including palmitic acid at 25% and stearic acid at 19%. Monounsaturated fatty acids account for 42%, with oleic acid being the principal type at 36%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids make up the remaining 4%.

TriglycerideTallow
TriglycerideTallow

In a standard reference amount, tallow provides 902 calories of food energy.

In the culinary world, tallow is valued for its high smoke point. This characteristic makes it a traditional choice for deep frying. For many years, major fast-food chains used tallow for frying. For example, until 1990, McDonald's cooked French fries in a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil. Other companies, such as Burger King and Wendy's, also used tallow for frying in 1985. Tallow is also a key ingredient in pemmican, a traditional Native American food.

Beyond food, tallow is essential in the soap industry. Soap makers often use the term "tallowate" to describe soaps made from this fat. This name comes from the chemical suffix "-ate," which signifies a negatively charged ion. To create sodium tallowate, tallow is reacted with sodium hydroxide, also called lye. This reaction produces a mixture of sodium salts from fatty acids like oleic and palmitic acids.

Tallow Ad
Tallow Ad

Historically, tallow was also used to make candles. Poor individuals used a "tallow dip," which was a reed or cloth dipped in melted fat.

Tallow has a long history as an industrial lubricant. In the early days of steam engines, tallow was used because it resisted being washed away by hot vapors. It was widely used to lubricate locomotives and steamships until the 1950s. During World War II, the demand for tallow was so high that it exhausted the supply for steamships. Tallow is also used in the steel industry to lubricate rollers. Interestingly, the use of tallow or lard to lubricate rifles helped spark the Indian Mutiny of 1857.

Modern technology has found even more advanced uses for tallow. It can be processed into biodiesel for vehicles. The United States Air Force has even experimented with beef tallow as aviation biofuel. In August 2010, a C-17 Globemaster III successfully flew using a blend of jet fuel and tallow-based biofuel.

Tallow-beef suet after rendering
Tallow-beef suet after rendering

Tallow also plays a role in printing and textiles. It is used in printmaking to resist acid etching on metal plates. In textile manufacturing, mutton tallow acts as a lubricant and softener for yarns during the sizing process.

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File:Tallow-beef suet after rendering.jpg
Tallow-beef suet after rendering.jpg
File:TriglycerideTallow.svg
TriglycerideTallow.svg
File:Tallow Ad.jpg
Tallow Ad.jpg
File:Candles (AM 1966.3-5).jpg
Candles (AM 1966.3-5).jpg
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