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Suidae

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Suidae is a family of mammals commonly known as pigs, hogs, or swine.

Bearded pig 2
Bearded pig 2

These animals belong to the order Artiodactyla, which consists of even-toed ungulates. Scientists consider suids to be the living members of this order most similar to their ancestral form. Today, there are 18 recognized extant species within the family. Some researchers count 19 species if they separate domestic pigs from wild boars. All suids are native to the Old World, which includes the lands of Afro-Eurasia.

Chleuastochoerus
Chleuastochoerus

The physical structure of a suid is quite distinct from other even-toed animals. While they have four hooves on each foot, they only walk on the middle two digits. The other two digits remain clear of the ground during movement. Unlike many other artiodactyls, suids possess a simple stomach rather than a complex ruminant stomach. They are medium-sized animals, but their sizes vary significantly by species. The pygmy hog is quite small, while the giant forest hog is much larger.

Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh
Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni2
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni2

Suids have specialized physical traits that help them survive in various environments. They possess large heads with short necks and relatively small eyes. Their snouts are very distinctive and end in a disc-shaped nose. Most suids have a bristly coat and a short tail with a tassel. Their dental anatomy is also unique among their relatives. Suids retain their upper incisors, a trait lost in most other artiodactyls. Their canine teeth are enlarged into prominent tusks used for fighting or rooting in the earth.

Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male
Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male

The diet of a suid is often determined by its specific species. Many are omnivores, meaning they eat both plant and animal matter. They consume grass, leaves, roots, insects, and worms. Some species even eat small animals like frogs or mice. Other suids are more selective and are purely herbivorous. The teeth of the animal reflect what it eats. The general dental formula for these animals is 1,0,0,3 / 0,3,3,1.

Indian boar scavenging - Yala May 2010
Indian boar scavenging - Yala May 2010

Evolutionary history shows that suids have been around for a very long time. The earliest fossil suids date back to the Oligocene epoch in Asia. Their descendants eventually reached Europe during the Miocene epoch.

Chleuastochoerus
Chleuastochoerus

Fossil records show that ancient species adapted to many different diets. Some members of the Tetraconodontinae group may have been carrion-eaters. This means they likely ate the meat of animals that were already dead. This ability to eat different foods helped them survive through different eras.

Suids are organized into several different genera. The genus Sus includes the domestic pig and the wild boar. This genus also contains many wild pig species ranging from Europe to the Pacific.

Bearded pig 2
Bearded pig 2

Other genera include the babirusas and the warthogs. Warthogs include species like the common warthog and the desert warthog. The family also contains the genus Porcula, which includes the pygmy hog.

Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh
Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh

These different groups show the wide variety within the Suidae family.

Behavior and social structures are also very important for suids. They are intelligent and highly adaptable animals. Adult females, called sows, travel in groups known as sounders with their young.

Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male
Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male

Adult males, or boars, are often solitary or live in small bachelor groups. Sows prepare grass nests for their young to live in. The offspring leave these nests after about ten days. They are weaned at three months and reach sexual maturity at 18 months. However, males often do not gain access to sows until they are four years old. This is because they must reach full physical size first. In all species, the males are significantly larger and have more prominent tusks.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Indian boar scavenging - Yala May 2010.jpg
Indian boar scavenging - Yala May 2010.jpg
File:Bearded pig 2.jpg
Bearded pig 2.jpg
File:Chleuastochoerus.JPG
Chleuastochoerus.JPG
File:Locha(js).jpg
Locha(js).jpg
File:Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh.JPG
Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT...
File:Hylochoerus meinertzhageni2.jpg
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni2.jpg
File:Laufendes Pinselohrschwein Zoo Landau.JPG
Laufendes Pinselohrschwein Zoo Landau.JPG
File:Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male.jpg
Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus...
File:Hirscheber1a.jpg
Hirscheber1a.jpg
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