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Streaming television

technology Maturity 9-11 Next article →

Streaming television is the digital distribution of media content, such as films and series, over internet-based platforms. This method is known as over-the-top media, or OTT, because it is provided over the internet rather than through traditional over-the-air, cable, or satellite transmissions. While some services require a paid subscription, others are available as free, ad-supported services.

Netflix 2015 logo
Netflix 2015 logo

The content itself varies in length, with typical episodes running between 30 and 60 minutes. Films licensed or produced for these platforms generally last between 90 and 120 minutes. This technology has fundamentally changed how billions of people consume media.

To understand how streaming works, we must look at the history of data transmission. In the mid-1990s, experts believed streaming television was impossible. A digital television signal was perceived to require about 200Mbit/s of bandwidth. This was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper telephone wire. Streaming became possible due to two major technological developments. First, MPEG video compression allowed large video files to be made much smaller. Second, asymmetric digital subscriber line, or ADSL, improved data communication.

YouTube 2024
YouTube 2024

By the year 2000, a broadcast could be compressed to 2Mbit/s, though connection speeds remained slow.

The industry has moved through several distinct technological stages. In the mid-2000s, many services used UDP for streaming. However, most of the internet relied on HTTP and content delivery networks, or CDNs. A major shift occurred in 2007 when Move Networks introduced HTTP-based adaptive streaming. This allowed the video to adjust to the user's connection. Following this, Apple launched HTTP Live Streaming, or HLS, in 2009. By 2012, companies like Apple, Netflix, and Microsoft helped create a new standard called MPEG-DASH, which stands for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP.

Hulu logo (2018)
Hulu logo (2018)

History shows a rapid expansion of both services and hardware. The first worldwide live-streaming event was a radio broadcast of a baseball game on September 5, 1995. In 2003, Angelos Diamantoulakis launched TVonline, the first station to broadcast content exclusively via the internet. YouTube launched in 2005, inspired by co-founder Jawed Karim's difficulty finding video clips of major news events. Apple released the first Apple TV in 2007, and Roku announced its first streaming device in 2008.

Apple TV Plus Logo
Apple TV Plus Logo

These developments moved streaming from computers to dedicated home devices.

The scale of streaming is immense and continues to grow. By 2023, streaming represented 38% of global TV viewing with 1.8 billion subscriptions. In 2024, streaming became the dominant form of TV viewing in the United States. By 2025, it surpassed both cable and network television viewing. As of May 2025, Nielsen reported that streaming accounted for 44.8% of all television viewing. This was even higher than the 44.2% combined total for broadcast and cable.

Prime Video logo (2024)
Prime Video logo (2024)

Different platforms have achieved significant milestones in popularity and recognition. Netflix is currently the most popular global platform, with over 325 million subscribers as of December 2025. The service has also gained prestige in the entertainment industry. In 2013, Netflix received the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for streaming series like "House of Cards." Later, in 2017, Hulu earned the first Emmy win for Outstanding Drama Series with "The Handmaid's Tale."

Disney+ 2024
Disney+ 2024

These awards show that streaming is now a central part of professional television.

Streaming technology also connects to broader systems of digital management and networking. Some services use digital rights management to control access to content. For example, the W3C adopted Encrypted Media Extensions to provide copy protection. Providers also use parental control systems to help parents manage what children watch. Furthermore, streaming can be delivered via IPTV, or Internet Protocol television. Unlike OTT, which uses unmanaged public networks, IPTV uses a managed, private network owned by a service provider. This allows the provider to guarantee specific bandwidth for each customer.

Paramount Plus
Paramount Plus
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HBO Max (2025).svg
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Netflix 2015 logo.svg
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Paramount Plus.svg
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NBCUniversal Peacock Logo.svg
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