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Staple food

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A staple food is a specific type of food eaten very often. It makes up a dominant portion of a person's or a group's standard diet. These foods supply a large fraction of a body's energy needs. They also provide a significant proportion of important nutrients. Most people live on a diet based on only a small variety of these staples. They are often inexpensive or easy to find in a local area. They supply essential macronutrients and micronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins.

Various types of potatoes for sale
Various types of potatoes for sale

Many staples are plant-based and provide energy through sugars and carbohydrates. Common plant staples include cereals like rice, wheat, and maize. They also include legumes like lentils and beans. Starchy tubers, such as potatoes and yams, are another major type. People can process these foods in many ways. Most cereals are milled into flour or meal to make bread, noodles, or pasta. Some, like rice, are eaten as whole grains. Root vegetables can be mashed into porridge-like dishes such as fufu or poi.

Speltkorrels
Speltkorrels

Some regions rely on animal-based staples instead of plants. These include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products like cheese. While most staples are plants, dairy provides proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. In places where the land is not good for farming, people use pastoralism. This is a system where animals live off land that humans cannot use. Animals eat local plants that are inedible to people. They then convert that matter into meat, fat, eggs, and milk. This allows humans to have staples in deserts, tundras, or mountains.

Sago Palm being harvested for Sago production PNG
Sago Palm being harvested for Sago production PNG

History shows that early agricultural civilizations valued staple crops for specific reasons. These foods are often nonperishable, meaning they do not decay quickly. This makes them suitable for storage over long periods. Stored staples are the only option during seasons of shortage. These shortages might happen during dry seasons or cold winters. During seasons of surplus, people may have a wider choice of foods. Historical examples include quinoa and amaranth from the Andes. The Plains Indians of North America used pemmican, made from dried meat and fat.

Demographics and geography determine which staples are dominant in different areas. Weather patterns, terrain, and local ecosystems play a large role. For example, cereals make up 46 percent of the average African diet. In Western Europe, animal products are higher at 33 percent. In Mongolia, people herd sheep to provide staples. In the Arctic, the Sami people herd reindeer. These regional differences show how humans adapt to their environments.

Various types of potatoes for sale
Various types of potatoes for sale

We can see the scale of staple production through global numbers. Just 15 plant crops provide 90 percent of the world's food energy. Rice, maize, and wheat comprise two-thirds of human food consumption. These three staples support about 80 percent of the world's population. Rice alone feeds almost half of humanity. In 2012, maize was the largest crop at 873 million tonnes. Rice followed at 738 million tonnes, and wheat was third at 671 million tonnes. Cassava is also vital, serving as a staple for 500 million people.

While staples are essential, they must be eaten carefully for health. Consumed alone, staple foods may not provide every essential nutrient. A diet consisting primarily of maize is associated with pellagra. A diet of refined white rice is linked to beriberi. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy. Some researchers say climate change and higher carbon dioxide levels might affect nutritional value. As economies develop, many countries shift toward higher-nutrient-density staples and more meat.

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