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South Dakota

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South Dakota is a landlocked state in the north-central United States.

South Dakota general map 2
South Dakota general map 2

It sits within the Great Plains and the Midwest region. The state is bordered by North Dakota to the north and Minnesota to the east. Iowa is to the southeast, while Nebraska lies to the south. To the west, it borders Wyoming and Montana. South Dakota is the 17th-largest state by area in the country. However, it is the fifth-least populous and fifth-least densely populated state.

South Dakota population density 2020
South Dakota population density 2020

The geography of the state is divided by the Missouri River. This river bisects the land into two distinct halves. People colloquially call these regions "East River" and "West River." These two areas are geographically and socially different. The eastern part contains most of the population. The soil in the east is fertile and supports many crops.

South Dakota harvest field-LCCN2008678244
South Dakota harvest field-LCCN2008678244

In the west, the climate is more semiarid. Ranching is the main agricultural activity in West River. Most Native American reservations are located in this western region.

National-atlas-indian-reservations-south-dakota
National-atlas-indian-reservations-south-dakota

The state has a temperate continental climate. This means it has four distinct seasons. Precipitation levels vary across the landscape. The east receives more moisture than the west.

South Dakota Köppen
South Dakota Köppen

The ecology consists of species typical of a North American grassland biome. In the southwest, the Black Hills provide a different environment. These are low, pine-covered mountains. They are sacred to the Sioux people.

Harney Peak 4
Harney Peak 4

This area also contains Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination.

20100324-F-LSC-140 (33845911384)
20100324-F-LSC-140 (33845911384)

Humans have inhabited this land for several millennia. Paleoindian hunter-gatherers lived here before 5000 BC. Later, the Mound Builders lived in the central and eastern areas between 500 AD and 800 AD. By 1500, the Arikara had settled in the Missouri River valley. The Sioux became the dominant group by the early 19th century. European contact began in 1743 with the LaVérendrye brothers. They claimed the region for France. Later, the region became part of Spanish Louisiana. The United States purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Black Elk
Black Elk

American settlement intensified in the late 19th century. This was driven by a gold rush in the Black Hills.

Deadwood13
Deadwood13

Railroad construction also helped people move east to west. The passage of the Homestead Acts increased settlement. In 1868, the Treaty of Laramie granted the Sioux the western half of the state. However, miners began entering the Black Hills illegally. This led to Indian wars between settlers and the Sioux. These conflicts ended with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. This event resulted in at least 146 Sioux deaths.

National-atlas-indian-reservations-south-dakota
National-atlas-indian-reservations-south-dakota

South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. It was admitted to the union at the same time as North Dakota. President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood papers. He shuffled them so no one knew which state was first. Pierre serves as the state capital.

Sioux Falls is the most populous city. It has a population of about 213,900.

Downtown Sioux Falls 61
Downtown Sioux Falls 61

The 20th century brought challenges like the Dust Bowl. During the 1930s, low rainfall and high heat ruined harvests.

Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936
Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936

The population declined by over 7% between 1930 and 1940.

The economy has changed significantly over time. It was once dominated by agriculture and a rural lifestyle. Recently, the state has sought to diversify. Tourism has grown, especially around the Black Hills. The financial services industry also expanded. Citibank moved its credit card operations to Sioux Falls in 1981. Agriculture has become more industrial. This has reduced the number of small family farms. Today, the state also relies on defense spending and research. For example, the Homestake gold mine is now a research facility.

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🖼️ Images & Media (21)
File:Deadwood13.jpg
Deadwood13.jpg
South Dakota harvest field-LCCN2008678244.tif
File:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg
Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg
File:South Dakota general map 2.png
South Dakota general map 2.png
File:Badlands panorama1.jpg
Badlands panorama1.jpg
File:Harney Peak 4.jpg
Harney Peak 4.jpg
File:Thunder butte SD.jpg
Thunder butte SD.jpg
File:South Dakota Köppen.svg
South Dakota Köppen.svg
File:20100324-F-LSC-140 (33845911384).jpg
20100324-F-LSC-140 (33845911384).jpg
File:South Dakota population density 2020.png
South Dakota population density 2020.png
File:South dakota counties by race.svg
South dakota counties by race.svg
File:National-atlas-indian-reservations-south-dakota.gif
National-atlas-indian-reservations-south-d...

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