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Sonnet 20

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Sonnet 20 is a famous poem by the English playwright William Shakespeare.

Sonnets1609titlepage
Sonnets1609titlepage

It is one of 154 sonnets in his total collection. This specific poem belongs to the "Fair Youth" sequence. This sequence includes sonnets 1 through 126. Most scholars believe these poems address a young man. Because of this, the poem raises many questions about the author's sexuality.

Sonnet 20 1609
Sonnet 20 1609

It is a major subject of study in literature.

The poem uses a strict structural design. It is a Shakespearean sonnet with fourteen lines. These lines follow a specific rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The poem also uses iambic pentameter. This is a poetic metre with five pairs of weak and strong syllables.

Sonnet 20 is unique because it uses feminine rhymes. This means each line ends with an extra, unstressed syllable. This occurs in only two poems in the sequence: Sonnet 20 and Sonnet 87. This rhythm creates a specific musical effect.

Scholars debate how the sonnets are organized. Some see a clear narrative line connecting them. Others, like Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells, view them as a collection. They argue the poems do not form one single unity. They note that while the first 126 poems relate to a young man, others may relate to a woman. William Nelles suggests the poem splits readers into two groups. One group sees a sequence ending here, while the other finds a continuing pattern.

The poem's meaning often involves themes of gender and sexuality. Philip C. Kolin suggests the poem describes a man with feminine beauty. He believes the speaker sees the youth as having feminine virtues without being fickle. Kolin also points to sexual puns throughout the text. For example, he suggests the word "eyes" might be a pun on "gelding." This would imply the youth's beauty affects his male admirers in a complex way.

Other experts look at the poem through a "gender-bending" lens. Amy Stackhouse argues the structure itself reflects this idea. She notes that the extra unstressed syllable might represent a phallus. The poem uses ambiguous terms like "master mistress" to keep gender uncertain. Stackhouse also discusses the personification of Nature. She suggests the poem implies Nature fell in love with a female creature and added a penis. This creates a subject with both masculine and feminine traits.

Not all scholars agree with these interpretations. Martin B. Friedman offers a different perspective. He believes the poem describes a heterosexual friendship. He argues that terms like "Master" and "Mistress" come from the game of bowls. In this game, these words refer to objects of interest. He also connects imagery in line 5 to gambling and dice. However, Cathy Shrank suggests such views may try to avoid the topic of homoeroticism. Other scholars, like Robert Matz, suggest earlier editors arranged poems to imply platonic friendships.

Even centuries later, Sonnet 20 continues to influence modern art. It connects classical poetry to contemporary music. The musician Rufus Wainwright set the poem to music. He included it on his album, *Take All My Loves: 9 Shakespeare Sonnets*. He also set Sonnets 10 and 43 to music on his album *All days are Nights: Songs for Lulu*. This shows how Shakespeare's work remains a living part of our culture. The poem serves as a bridge between historical literature and modern expression.

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