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Solidarity

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Solidarity is a psychological sense of unity among groups or classes. It arises from shared interests, objectives, and standards. This concept allows people to move beyond individual identities. It encourages them to look past single-issue politics. True solidarity views individuals as the fundamental basis of society. However, it emphasizes the ties that bind people together as one. It is used in sociology, philosophy, and bioethics. It is also a key part of Catholic social teaching.

The hand that will rule the world
The hand that will rule the world

Unlike charity, solidarity seeks to change entire systems. It does not just aim to help individuals in need. Instead, it focuses on the structures of society itself. This distinction is important for understanding its social impact. Solidarity is a principle in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. However, it lacks the same legal weight as basic human rights. It is not mentioned in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Still, International Human Solidarity Day is observed every December 20.

The word has deep roots in legal history. The French terms "solidaire" and "solidairement" appeared in the 16th century. These words come from the Roman legal concept "in solidum." This term is derived from the Latin word "solidus." It means "on behalf of the whole." In the Napoleonic code, it referred to the joint liability of debtors. This meant debtors were responsible to a common creditor. At that time, it was not a primary legal principle.

After the French Revolution, the concept changed significantly. Conservatism used solidarity to react against rapid social change. It was a way to long for a stable society. Later, Pierre Leroux introduced the idea of non-legal solidarity. He was a utopian socialist who helped coin the term "socialism." Auguste Comte, the founder of sociology, also adopted the concept. He saw it as social interdependence between people. Comte linked solidarity to altruism, which is the opposite of egoism.

The hand that will rule the world
The hand that will rule the world

Sociologist Émile Durkheim developed two specific types of solidarity. He introduced these in his 1893 book, "The Division of Labour in Society." The first type is mechanical solidarity. This occurs in traditional, small-scale societies. Cohesion comes from the homogeneity of the individuals. People share similar work, education, and religious training. The second type is organic solidarity. This occurs in modern, industrial societies. It arises from the specialization of work. People become interdependent because they rely on each other's specific tasks. For example, farmers produce food for factory workers. In turn, those workers produce tractors for the farmers.

Léon Bourgeois brought solidarity into mainstream French political debate. In 1896, he published his influential book, "Solidarité." He introduced the term "solidarism" to describe a specific political ideology. Bourgeois believed in the idea of social debt. He argued that individuals owe society for its intellectual and technical capital. His ideas combined Durkheim's theories with biology. This offered an alternative to classical liberalism and workers' collectivism.

The hand that will rule the world
The hand that will rule the world

Charles Gide used solidarity to challenge liberal economics. He believed solidarity was only ethically valuable when it was voluntary. He proposed a cooperative economy through voluntary associations. In this system, workers would control the means of production. Members would share the profits created by their activities. Gide believed large income gaps broke the ties of society. Today, solidarity remains a core value for cooperatives. These groups emphasize common interest, equality, and justice.

Finally, Peter Kropotkin connected biology to social solidarity. In his 1902 book, "Mutual Aid," he studied cooperation. He argued that mutual aid is a factor in evolution. He believed cooperation is an important survival mechanism for species. This supportive activity comes from instinctive feelings of solidarity. This is not done just to receive a reward. Solidarity also functions within modern insurance systems. This system manages "social risk," which is caused by living together. Individuals take collective responsibility to mitigate these risks.

The hand that will rule the world
The hand that will rule the world
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