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Sociology

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Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It examines social behavior, patterns of social relationships, and social interaction. It also explores aspects of culture related to everyday life.

Sna large
Sna large

This field is considered part of both the social sciences and the humanities. Researchers use empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand social order and social change. Sociological study occurs at different scales. Micro-level analysis focuses on individual interaction and agency. Macro-level analysis looks at large social systems and structures.

Three stages of Sociology
Three stages of Sociology

Sociologists use many different research methods to gather data. They utilize qualitative techniques to understand meanings and culture. They also use quantitative techniques, which rely on numbers and mathematics.

Planche de Galton
Planche de Galton

The mid-20th century brought a "linguistic turn," leading to more interpretative and philosophical approaches. In the 21st century, researchers use computationally rigorous tools. These include agent-based modelling and social network analysis. Digital sociology has also emerged to study how digital technologies impact social behavior. This includes examining the digital divide and how the internet reshapes power relations.

Social analysis has roots that go back much further than the formal discipline. Ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle studied social and political issues. In ancient China, Confucius wrote about the importance of social roles. The Domesday Book of 1086 serves as an early example of a social survey.

Ibn Khaldoun-Kassus
Ibn Khaldoun-Kassus

In the 14th century, the Tunisian scholar Ibn Khaldun wrote the Muqaddimah. This work advanced reasoning regarding social cohesion and social conflict. Many scholars consider him the father of sociology. The word itself comes from the Latin "socius," meaning companion, and the Greek "-logy," meaning the study of.

Modern sociology emerged during the industrialization and secularization of Europe.

Auguste Comte2
Auguste Comte2

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès coined the term in an unpublished 1780 manuscript. Auguste Comte later defined sociology in 1838. He initially called it "social physics." Comte wanted to unify history, psychology, and economics through scientific understanding. He proposed sociological positivism to help remedy social ills.

Karl Marx
Karl Marx

Karl Marx was another foundational figure. While he did not call himself a sociologist, his theories provided a precise study of historical and moral problems. His work helped make the search for social evidence more intense.

Herbert Spencer was a highly influential 19th-century sociologist.

Spencer-detail
Spencer-detail

It is estimated he sold one million books during his lifetime. This was more than any other sociologist of his era. Spencer was a biologist who coined the term "survival of the fittest." His ideas were closely watched by conservative circles in England and the United States. Many thinkers, such as Émile Durkheim, developed their own ideas in response to Spencer's work.

Sociology eventually became an organized academic discipline.

Emile Durkheim
Emile Durkheim

Albion Small established the first formal Department of Sociology in 1892 at the University of Chicago. He also founded the American Journal of Sociology in 1895. In Europe, Émile Durkheim led the institutionalization of the field. He established the first European department at the University of Bordeaux in 1895. Durkheim defined sociology as the science of institutions and their functioning.

Max Weber, 1918
Max Weber, 1918

His study of suicide rates helped distinguish sociology from psychology.

Today, the field of sociology covers a vast range of subjects. These include religion, law, gender, and social class. It has expanded into the study of health, the military, and the economy.

Simmel 01
Simmel 01

It also examines the sociology of education and social capital. Sociological research is used by many different professionals. Politicians, policy makers, and legislators rely on these studies. Educators, social workers, and business managers also use sociological insights. This helps various sectors of society address and resolve social issues.

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File:Ibn Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg
Ibn Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg
File:Auguste Comte2.jpg
Auguste Comte2.jpg
File:Karl Marx.jpg
Karl Marx.jpg
File:Spencer-detail.png
Spencer-detail.png
File:Emile Durkheim.jpg
Emile Durkheim.jpg
File:Ferdinand Toennies Bueste Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg
Ferdinand Toennies Bueste Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg
File:Three stages of Sociology.svg
Three stages of Sociology.svg
File:Max Weber, 1918.jpg
Max Weber, 1918.jpg
File:Simmel 01.JPG
Simmel 01.JPG
File:Anthony Giddens at the Progressive Governance Converence, Budapest, Hungary, 2004 October.jpg
Anthony Giddens at the Progressive...
File:Planche de Galton.jpg
Planche de Galton.jpg
File:Sna large.png
Sna large.png

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