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Shoplifting

society Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Shoplifting is the act of knowingly taking goods from a retail store without paying for them. This usually happens during business hours while the establishment is open to the public. In the retail industry, companies often refer to the loss of merchandise as "shrinkage" or "shrink." This loss can have a massive impact on a company's finances. For example, in 2022, the retailer Target reported a $400 million loss in profit due to inventory shrink. The company noted that organized retail theft was a primary cause of this loss.

Shoplifting sign cuffs1
Shoplifting sign cuffs1

There are several different methods used to commit shoplifting. One common method is concealment, where a person hides items on their body or in a bag. Some people use "price switching" to commit fraud. This involves swapping barcodes or price labels so an item can be bought for less money. Another method is called a "walkout" or "pushout." In these cases, a person may fill a shopping cart with goods and simply walk out. They might also put on store clothing and walk out the door. Some people even practice "grazing," which means eating food in a store without paying for it.

Researchers often divide shoplifters into two distinct categories. The first group is known as "snitches," or amateurs. These are individuals who steal items for their own personal use and do not do it regularly. The second group is known as "boosters," or professionals. These are career criminals who steal items specifically to resell them on the black market. Some professional groups use organized tactics to succeed. They may use multiple people to distract employees while another person steals the goods. These groups often target "hot products" that are easy to move.

Criminologist Ronald V. Clarke developed an acronym to describe these popular targets. He called them "CRAVED" products. This stands for items that are concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable. Because of these traits, certain items are stolen more often than others. Common targets include small, high-value goods like electronics, smartphones, and USB flash drives. Other frequent targets are vitamins, razor blades, cosmetics, and alcoholic beverages. In the past, cigarettes were a very common target until stores began keeping them behind counters.

Shoplifting has a very long history that dates back to 16th-century London. Early shoplifters were often part of an underworld that included pickpockets and con artists. In 1591, a writer named Robert Greene described groups of men conspiring to steal fabric. As shopkeepers began using glass window displays in the late 17th century, shoplifting increased. This was because goods became much easier for people to touch and examine. During this era, the term "shoplift" first appeared in printed books. Some female shoplifters were even given nicknames like "Amazons" or "roaring girls."

History also shows that laws regarding shoplifting were once extremely severe. In 1699, the English Parliament passed The Shoplifting Act as part of the "Bloody Code." Under this law, stealing items worth more than five shillings could result in death by hanging. Many people were executed at the Tyburn Tree in London. Some jurors tried to help by under-valuing stolen goods to save people from the death penalty. Eventually, views on punishment changed during the Enlightenment. The last execution for shoplifting in England occurred in 1822, and the law was changed in 1832.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the way people viewed shoplifting changed again. Some activists began to see it as a political act or a form of protest. Authors like Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin wrote books that encouraged shoplifting as an anti-corporate statement. Some groups even view stealing from large companies as a form of corporate sabotage. This shows that shoplifting is not just a simple crime, but a subject with many social meanings.

Campy anti-shoplifting mannequin
Campy anti-shoplifting mannequin

To protect their profits, stores use many different security strategies. Some shops keep small and expensive items in locked glass cases.

New Nintendo 3DS Display Case PAX Australia 2014
New Nintendo 3DS Display Case PAX Australia 2014

They may also use chains to attach items to clothing racks. Many retailers install magnetic or radio sensors on products to trigger alarms.

RFID and magneto-acoustic tags
RFID and magneto-acoustic tags

Other methods include using curved mirrors, video cameras, and hiring security guards. Some large stores even ask customers to leave their backpacks at a service desk before they begin shopping.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:USMC shoplifting.jpg
USMC shoplifting.jpg
File:New Nintendo 3DS Display Case PAX Australia 2014.jpg
New Nintendo 3DS Display Case PAX...
File:Shoplifting sign cuffs1.jpg
Shoplifting sign cuffs1.jpg
File:RFID and magneto-acoustic tags.JPG
RFID and magneto-acoustic tags.JPG
File:Campy anti-shoplifting mannequin.jpg
Campy anti-shoplifting mannequin.jpg
File:US Army 51805 Post, AAFES combat increases in juvenile shoplifting.jpg
US Army 51805 Post, AAFES combat...
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