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North America

geography Maturity 11-13 Vital Level 2 Next article →

North America is a massive continent located in the Northern and Western hemispheres. It is the third-largest continent on Earth by total land area. The continent covers approximately 24,709,000 square kilometers. This represents about 16.5% of all land on our planet.

Geographically, it is bordered by several major bodies of water. The Arctic Ocean lies to the north. The Atlantic Ocean sits to the east. The Pacific Ocean borders the west and south. To the southeast, the continent meets South America and the Caribbean Sea.

Different organizations define the boundaries of North America in different ways. The United Nations divides the continent into three distinct subregions. These are Northern America, Central America, and the Caribbean.

Flag of Greenland
Flag of Greenland

However, the term "Northern America" has a more specific meaning in some contexts. It refers only to the northernmost areas like Canada, the United States, and Greenland. In trade agreements, "North America" often refers specifically to Canada, Mexico, and the United States. This shows how names can change depending on who is using them.

Cultural and linguistic patterns divide the continent into primary regions. One major division is between Anglo-America and Latin America. Anglo-America includes most of the continent and English-speaking Caribbean islands.

Flag of Cuba
Flag of Cuba

Latin America includes the southern portions, such as Central America. The continent is also home to many Francophone populations. These are people who speak French, such as in Quebec or Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

BlasonSaintPierreetMiquelon
BlasonSaintPierreetMiquelon

These diverse linguistic groups create a complex cultural landscape.

The history of human habitation in North America is a subject of deep study. It is unknown exactly when or how the first populations arrived. Some researchers suggest hunters crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia.

Coat of arms of Guatemala
Coat of arms of Guatemala

Others believe people sailed from Beringia about 13,000 years ago. Indigenous peoples lived here for many thousands of years before Europeans arrived. They organized into many different polities. These ranged from small family bands to massive, complex empires. Some groups, like the Mayans, developed advanced writing and math. They even used the concept of zero around 400 CE.

European contact occurred in several distinct waves over many centuries. The Norse were the first Europeans to reach the continent. Around 1000 CE, Leif Erikson is thought to have made landfall in Newfoundland.

Much later, in 1492, Christopher Columbus led voyages that started a transatlantic exchange. This era is often called the Age of Discovery. It led to massive migrations of European settlers. These migrations changed the continent's demographics forever. The Spanish Empire even called its American territories "Las Indias."

This period of contact brought significant and often difficult changes. The arrival of Europeans led to a substantial decline in indigenous populations. This was caused by violent conflicts and the introduction of Eurasian diseases.

Flag of Belize
Flag of Belize

Diseases like smallpox were particularly devastating because indigenous peoples lacked immunity. As a result, many linguistic groups died out. However, many indigenous cultures survived. Today, many groups in Mexico and Central America still follow their ancestral traditions. They maintain their own unique languages and cultural practices.

Modern North America is a highly populated and diverse region. As of 2021, the population was estimated at over 592 million people. This accounts for about 7.5% of the total world population.

Flag of Barbados
Flag of Barbados

These people live across 23 independent states and territories. The continent is the fourth-largest in the world by population. It is home to a mix of European, African, Asian, and indigenous descendants. This history of interaction defines the modern ethnic patterns seen across the land today.

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