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Service (economics)

society Maturity 13-18 Vital Level 3 Next article →

In economics, a service is an intangible act or performance. A service provider uses skill, ingenuity, and experience to give value to a consumer. This consumer might be an individual, a company, or a government. Unlike a physical product, a service is not a manufactured object. Instead, it is an act for which someone is willing to pay.

Lima waiter PUCPeru 2010
Lima waiter PUCPeru 2010

Services can be private or public. Public services are those that a society, such as a nation-state or region, pays for as a whole. Examples of these include hospitals, libraries, and elementary schools.

Services possess three specific characteristics that distinguish them from physical goods. The first is intangibility. Because services are not manufactured or transported, they cannot be stocked or stored for future use. The second is perishability. This means services are tied to specific periods of time. If a resource is not used during that time, it is a lost opportunity. For example, an empty seat on an airplane cannot be filled once the flight departs. The third characteristic is variability, also known as heterogeneity. This means every service is unique. Even if the same person requests the same service, the circumstances, location, or resources will change.

Service-goods continuum
Service-goods continuum

Because of this variability, maintaining service quality can be difficult. Both the inputs and the outputs of service processes are highly variable. Many services rely on human activity rather than a strictly determined process. This makes the human factor a key success factor in providing a good service. To manage this, providers must master mass delivery to expand. Demand for services can also fluctuate based on the season, the time of day, or the business cycle. Consistency is necessary to build lasting relationships with customers.

Economists have debated the distinction between goods and services for centuries. In 1776, Adam Smith published "The Wealth of Nations." He distinguished between "productive" and "unproductive" labor. Productive labor created goods that could be stored and exchanged. Unproductive labor created services that perished at the time of production. Later, French economist Jean-Baptiste Say called these "immaterial products." He argued that in services, production and consumption are inseparable. Today, experts like Gustofsson and Johnson describe a continuum. One end of the scale is a pure service, while the other is a pure commodity good.

Service-goods continuum
Service-goods continuum

To deliver a service effectively, several factors must work together. There is the service provider, which includes workers and managers. There is also the equipment used, such as vehicles or computer systems. Physical facilities, like buildings or waiting rooms, provide the setting. The service consumer is also a vital part of the process. Some theorists even view service delivery as a type of performance or "dramalurgy." In this view, the location is the "stage," the tools are "props," and the behaviors follow a "script."

StarbucksVaughanMills
StarbucksVaughanMills

Services can be organized into many different sectors. Business functions include consulting, human resources, and customer service. Maintenance services involve mechanics, plumbers, and electricians. There are also legal and protective services, such as lawyers, courts, and law enforcement. Education and entertainment, like schools and movie theaters, are also major service industries. Financial services include banks, accountants, and real estate professionals. Even health care is a massive sector of service-based work.

StarbucksVaughanMills
StarbucksVaughanMills

To ensure clarity, services can be defined by specific parameters. These include the service delivery point, which is where the consumer receives the benefit. There is also the service delivery price, which is the amount the customer pays. This price might include an access price and a consumption price. Other technical details include the service fulfillment target, which is the ratio of successful deliveries to requests. Providers also monitor the service delivery duration, which is the time taken to render all benefits. By using these specific measurements, providers can better control and monitor their work.

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