Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Secular humanism

philosophy religion Maturity 11-13 religion Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: religion. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

Secular humanism is a philosophical life stance centered on human reason and logic.

Happyman
Happyman

It emphasizes secular ethics and philosophical naturalism as the primary tools for understanding the world. This belief system specifically rejects religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis for morality or decision-making. Followers believe that humans are capable of being ethical and moral without a deity. However, the philosophy does not claim that humans are inherently good or evil. It also does not view humans as superior to the natural world. Instead, it focuses on the unique responsibility that humanity holds regarding the consequences of its decisions.

The mechanism of secular humanism relies on a continuous, adapting search for truth. This search is conducted primarily through the lenses of science and philosophy. Rather than accepting ideologies on faith, humanists believe every political or religious idea must be thoroughly examined by the individual. Many adherents derive their moral codes from specific frameworks. These include utilitarianism, ethical naturalism, or evolutionary ethics. Some even advocate for a formal science of morality. This approach seeks to understand how human behavior and social structures can be improved through evidence and rational thought.

There are several distinct traditions and terms that have shaped this movement. The term "secular humanism" is most common in the United States. In many European, African, and Asian countries, people simply use the term "humanism." Some thinkers argue that adding the word "secular" is confusing or unnecessary. They believe it can reduce a complex philosophy to a sterile academic outlook. Because of this, organizations like Humanists International prefer the capitalized term "Humanism." This shift was supported by the American Humanist Association in 1973 and formally endorsed by the IHEU in 1989. In 2002, the Amsterdam Declaration was adopted to provide a unified identity for World Humanism.

The history of these ideas reaches back to pre-Socratic philosophers. These ancient Greek thinkers wrote about the world before the era of Socrates. Their works were lost to Europe until Renaissance scholars rediscovered them through Muslim sources. These scholars translated the texts from Arabic into European languages. This historical connection distinguishes Renaissance humanists from the explicitly non-religious secular humanists of the 20th and 21st centuries. The term "humanism" did not enter the English language until the 19th century to mark this distinction.

Significant developments occurred during the 19th century through various movements. George Holyoake coined the term "secularism" in 1851 to describe opinions tested by life experience.

Holyoake2
Holyoake2

He led a movement that resulted in the Leicester Secular Society and later the National Secular Society in 1866. Another influence was Auguste Comte and his theory of positivism. Comte believed history moved through a "law of three stages" toward a rational, positivist society. This influenced Richard Congreve, who founded the London Positivist Society in 1867. They even established a "Church of Humanity" in 1878, which included sacraments and sermons.

The ethical movement served as another important precursor to modern humanism. In 1793, the South Place Ethical Society was founded in London.

Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, London 07
Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, London 07

It later became the Conway Hall Ethical Society and remains a landmark of intellectual life. In the United States, Felix Adler established the New York Society for Ethical Culture in 1877. By 1886, similar societies existed in Philadelphia, Chicago, and St. Louis. These groups believed morality was independent of theology. They focused on philanthropy, social reform, and the importance of educating the young.

Today, secular humanism is represented by a global network of organizations. Humanists International is a major world union for these groups.

Levi Fragell, print
Levi Fragell, print

It was founded by Julian Huxley and Jaap van Praag. The union includes more than one hundred organizations across more than 40 countries. These include rationalist, atheist, and freethought groups. The "Happy Human" is recognized as the official international symbol for humanism.

Happyman
Happyman

This global presence shows how the movement connects diverse groups through a shared commitment to reason and human responsibility.

644 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Holyoake2.JPG
Holyoake2.JPG
File:Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, London 07.jpg
Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, London 07.jpg
File:Happyman.svg
Happyman.svg
File:American Humanist Association President David Niose.jpg
American Humanist Association President...
File:Levi Fragell, print.jpg
Levi Fragell, print.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.