Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
💻

Saudi Aramco

technology Maturity 11-13 politics Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: politics. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

Saudi Aramco, officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a massive petroleum and natural gas corporation. It is the national oil company of Saudi Arabia and is mostly owned by the state.

Aramco compound in Saudi Arabia 1954
Aramco compound in Saudi Arabia 1954

This company is a global economic giant. It ranks as the fourth-largest company in the world by revenue. Its headquarters are located in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The company is vital because it holds the largest proven crude oil reserves on Earth. It also maintains the highest daily oil production of any oil-producing company globally.

The company manages a vast and complex energy network. It operates the Master Gas System, which is the largest single hydrocarbon network in the world.

Oilgasops
Oilgasops

This system moves natural gas to where it is needed for energy. In 2024, the company's total oil production reached 12.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. It manages more than one hundred different oil and gas fields within Saudi Arabia. These include 288.4 trillion standard cubic feet of natural gas reserves. Two of its most famous sites are the Ghawar Field and the Safaniya Field. Ghawar is the world's largest onshore oil field, while Safaniya is the largest offshore field.

Riyadh refinery - 1
Riyadh refinery - 1

The history of the company began with a search for new energy sources. During World War I, the world faced significant oil shortages. In 1920, the San Remo Petroleum Agreement prevented American companies from accessing oil in Mesopotamia. This led U.S. companies to look elsewhere for resources. In 1932, the Bahrain Petroleum Company discovered the first oil field in the Persian Gulf outside of Iran. This was a subsidiary of the Standard Oil of California, also known as SoCal. The Saudi Arabian government eventually granted a concession to SoCal to explore its land.

Dammam No. 7 on March 4, 1938
Dammam No. 7 on March 4, 1938

Early exploration was difficult and took many years of work. In 1936, the Texas Company, or Texaco, bought a 50% stake in the concession to help with the search. For four years, the teams found no oil. Success finally arrived in 1938 at the seventh drill site in Dhahran. This well, known as Dammam No. 7, immediately produced over 1,500 barrels of oil. This discovery gave the company the confidence to continue its work. In 1944, the name changed to the Arabian American Oil Co., or Aramco. By 1947, companies like Exxon and Mobil became shareholders in the business.

Ownership of the company has shifted significantly over the decades. In 1950, King Abdulaziz pressured Aramco to share profits 50/50 with the country. Following this, the company moved its headquarters from New York to Dhahran. In 1973, during the Yom Kippur War, the Saudi government acquired a 25% interest in Aramco's assets. This interest grew to 60% by 1974. Finally, in 1988, a royal decree created the Saudi Arabian Oil Company to take full control. This new entity took over the management and operations of all oil and gas fields. In 2019, the company began trading shares on the Saudi Exchange through an initial public offering.

Saudi Aramco has played a major role in stabilizing the global economy during crises. During the Persian Gulf War in 1990, the company was expected to replace oil production lost from Iraq and Kuwait. To keep the market stable, it was expected to produce an extra 4.8 million barrels per day. The company responded by recommissioning 146 wells, such as those in the Ghawar field. This effort helped daily production rise from 5.4 million barrels in July to 8.5 million barrels by December 1990. The company also expanded its reach into Asian markets, with 70% of its crude oil sales going to Asia by 2016.

The company has also faced serious modern challenges involving security and technology. In 2012, a computer virus called Shamoon attacked 30,000 workstations. This cyber attack was intended to wipe files and make computers unusable. In September 2019, the company faced a physical threat when drones attacked two facilities. The attack on the Abqaiq processing facility and the Khurais oil field cut 5.7 million barrels per day of output. This represented over 5% of the entire world's oil supply. Despite these difficult moments, the company remains one of the most valuable and influential organizations in the world.

708 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Dammam No. 7 on March 4, 1938.jpg
Dammam No. 7 on March 4, 1938.jpg
File:Aramco compound in Saudi Arabia 1954.jpg
Aramco compound in Saudi Arabia 1954.jpg
File:Oilgasops.svg
Oilgasops.svg
File:AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg
AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg
File:Riyadh refinery - 1.jpg
Riyadh refinery - 1.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.