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Samar

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Samar is the third largest island in the Philippines. It sits within the Eastern Visayas region of the Visayas islands. The island is the easternmost part of this archipelago. It lies northeast of the island of Leyte. To the southeast, you will find the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon. The island is surrounded by significant bodies of water. The Samar Sea lies to the west. The Philippine Sea stretches out to the north and east.

Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park
Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park

Since 1965, the island has been divided into three distinct provinces. These are Western Samar, Northern Samar, and Eastern Samar. Each province has its own capital city. Catarman serves as the capital of Northern Samar. Catbalogan is the capital of Western Samar. Borongan is the capital of Eastern Samar. The people celebrate the establishment of these provinces every year on June 19. As of the 2024 census, the island has a population of 1,924,651 people. The main language spoken is Waray. Most residents follow the Roman Catholic religion.

Samar has a very long and complex history involving many different groups. The explorer Ferdinand Magellan first sighted the island on March 16, 1521. He was traveling from the Mariana Islands. Magellan did not actually land on Samar during this expedition. He anchored at Suluan Island and landed on Homonhon Island instead. Before the Spanish arrived, the island had many names. These included Samal, Ibabao, Achan, Camlaya, and Taridola. The Spanish captain Miguel Lopez de Legaspi also called it Tandaya.

Editorial cartoon about Jacob Smith's retaliation for Balangiga
Editorial cartoon about Jacob Smith's retaliation for Balangiga

During the Spanish colonial era, Samar was initially under the jurisdiction of Cebu. In 1735, Samar and Leyte merged into one province with Carigara as the capital. However, Samar was separated from Leyte again in 1768. The island saw many uprisings during this time. One rebellion in 1649 began in Palapag and spread through the Visayas. Later, during the Philippine-American War, a major conflict occurred in Balangiga. On September 28, 1901, Eugenio Daza and Valeriano Abanador led an attack against the U.S. Army. This event is known as the Balangiga massacre. In retaliation, General Jacob H. Smith ordered a "kill and burn" command. This resulted in the deaths of 2,000 Filipino insurgents and civilians.

World War II brought more significant changes to the region. In October 1944, the Battle off Samar took place in the ocean east of the island. During this battle, unarmored U.S. Navy escorts defended against the Imperial Japanese Navy. The island also experienced the Pulajan movement during the American colonization period. This movement involved uprisings that caused massacres in the country. These events shaped the island's reputation during the early 20th century.

The era of Ferdinand Marcos brought both new structures and great hardship. The San Juanico Bridge was built to connect Samar and Leyte. Construction began during his 1969 campaign and finished in 1973. While it helped economic activity, it was criticized as a "white elephant" because of its high cost. This period also saw massive deforestation. In 1972, forest cover was at 86 percent. By 1987, it had dropped to only 10 percent. This was partly due to Timber License Agreements given to companies. During this time, the Sag-od massacre occurred in 1981 in Northern Samar. Security personnel and a paramilitary group killed 45 people in Barrio Sag-od.

Today, Samar is a place of both natural beauty and industry. The island contains the Samar Island Natural Park and many forests.

Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park
Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park

The economy relies on several major industries. Copra and fishery industries are very important. The land also produces rice, corn, vegetables, and abaca. Tourism is another major part of the economy. The island is well-connected by major highways, including part of the Pan-Philippine Highway.

N674, N1 crossing
N674, N1 crossing

There are four major ports and three airports. These airports provide flights to Metro Manila and Cebu City. The island also supports many students through six Department of Education divisions and various universities.

Recent years have brought new challenges to the people of Samar. In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan heavily impacted the island. This was one of the most severe storms to hit the region. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic also affected Eastern Visayas.

Haiyan 2013-11-07 1345Z (alternate, borderless)
Haiyan 2013-11-07 1345Z (alternate, borderless)

Despite these challenges, the island remains a vital part of the Philippine archipelago. It continues to be a place where history, nature, and modern life meet.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Editorial cartoon about Jacob Smith's retaliation for Balangiga.PNG
Editorial cartoon about Jacob Smith's...
File:Haiyan 2013-11-07 1345Z (alternate, borderless).png
Haiyan 2013-11-07 1345Z (alternate,...
File:Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park.JPG
Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural...
File:N674, N1 crossing.jpg
N674, N1 crossing.jpg
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