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Romulus and Remus

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The legend of Romulus and Remus is a foundational myth of Roman civilization. This story describes the events leading to the establishment of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom. According to the tradition, Romulus founded the city following the death of his brother, Remus.

Lupa Capitolina, Rome
Lupa Capitolina, Rome

While Roman historians often dated the founding of the city to approximately 753 BC, the earliest known written accounts of this myth do not appear until the late 3rd century BC. The tale serves as a complex narrative that connects the origins of Rome to divine lineage and ancient political struggles.

The story begins in the ancient Latin city of Alba Longa. The twins were born to Rhea Silvia, also known as Ilia, who was a Vestal Virgin and the daughter of King Numitor. The parentage of the twins is a subject of varying accounts in ancient texts. Some sources claim the god Mars visited Rhea Silvia in a sacred grove to father the boys. Other sources suggest a more human origin, claiming King Amulius fathered them to hide his identity. Fearing the twins might one day challenge his authority, Amulius ordered them to be killed.

Altar Mars Venus Massimo
Altar Mars Venus Massimo

After being abandoned on the banks of the Tiber River, the infants survived through divine and natural intervention. The god Tiberinus, known as Father Tiber, is said to have helped them. In the most famous version of the survival story, a she-wolf discovered the twins in a cave called the Lupercal.

Details of Romulus and Remus on the allegory of Tiber
Details of Romulus and Remus on the allegory of Tiber

She suckled them in the cave, providing the nourishment they needed to live. Eventually, a shepherd named Faustulus discovered the boys. He and his wife adopted the twins and raised them as shepherds, leaving them unaware of their royal heritage.

As the twins reached adulthood, they became influential leaders within their community. They eventually became involved in a political dispute between the supporters of King Amulius and their grandfather, Numitor. During this conflict, Remus was captured and taken to Alba Longa, where his true identity became a suspicion for both the king and Numitor. Romulus organized a rescue effort to free his brother. Once they discovered their true lineage, the twins joined forces with Numitor to restore him to his throne. They successfully overthrew Amulius, but they did not stay in Alba Longa. Instead, they sought to establish a new city of their own near the seven hills.

The founding of the city was marked by a significant disagreement between the brothers. Romulus wished to build his city on the Palatine Hill, located above the Lupercal. Remus preferred the Aventine Hill. To resolve this dispute, they turned to the gods through a practice called augury, which is the observation of birds to determine divine will.

Mignard - The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing Romulus and Remus to His Wife
Mignard - The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing Romulus and Remus to His Wife

Remus observed six auspicious birds first, but Romulus claimed to have seen twelve. This disagreement led to a fatal conflict. Remus was killed, either by Romulus himself or by one of Romulus's supporters. Following this event, Romulus established the city of Rome, creating its first government, military, and religious traditions.

Historians and scholars have long debated the accuracy and origins of these accounts. Some believe the myth contains elements of original Italic traditions, while others suggest it was influenced by later Hellenic culture.

Cr 20-1-Reverse
Cr 20-1-Reverse

The written record is composed of many different, sometimes contradictory, sources. Major historians such as Livy, Plutarch, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus provided the most widely read versions. Dionysius, for example, spent many chapters in his 'Roman Antiquities' discussing the twins' struggle with Amulius and their survival in the wild. Other poets, like Ovid in his work 'Fasti', provided complete accounts that included different details, such as the ghost of Remus appearing to Faustulus.

Modern scholarship views the Romulus and Remus story as a series of cumulative elaborations. Researchers suggest that ancient historians often selected specific parts of the myth to serve political or moral purposes. They may have trimmed contradictions to create an official, authoritative history that justified Roman social structures.

Belgique - Bruxelles - Maison de la Louve - 05
Belgique - Bruxelles - Maison de la Louve - 05

Whether the story is a true reflection of early Roman history or a later literary creation, it remains a vital part of understanding how the Romans perceived their own identity and their connection to the divine.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg
Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg
File:Altar Mars Venus Massimo.jpg
Altar Mars Venus Massimo.jpg
File:Mignard - The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing Romulus and Remus to His Wife.jpg
Mignard - The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing...
File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Maison de la Louve - 05.jpg
Belgique - Bruxelles - Maison de la Louve - 05.jpg
File:Details of Romulus and Remus on the allegory of Tiber.jpg
Details of Romulus and Remus on the...
File:Franks Casket the left panel.jpg
Franks Casket the left panel.jpg
File:Cr 20-1-Reverse.jpg
Cr 20-1-Reverse.jpg
File:Bracteate she-wolf NMAT KP208-243 (cropped).jpg
Bracteate she-wolf NMAT KP208-243 (cropped).jpg
File:Maria Saal Dom Grabrelief Romulus und Remus 27122013 774.jpg
Maria Saal Dom Grabrelief Romulus und...
File:Origini di roma in narrazione continua, da pompei V 4, 13, s.n..JPG
Origini di roma in narrazione continua,...
File:Carracci, Remo ladri armenti, Palazzo Magnani, Bologna.png
Carracci, Remo ladri armenti, Palazzo...
File:Loggia di romolo e remo 04 nascita di romolo e remo.JPG
Loggia di romolo e remo 04 nascita di...
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