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Ramayana

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The Ramayana is a monumental Sanskrit epic from ancient India.

Valmiki Ramayana
Valmiki Ramayana

It is traditionally attributed to the sage Valmiki. This text is a primary example of the Itihasa genre. Itihasa refers to narratives of past events. These stories often include teachings regarding the goals of human life. The Ramayana is one of two vital Hindu epics. The other major epic is the Mahabharata. Together, they form a cornerstone of ancient Indian literature and thought.

The narrative focuses on the life of Rama. He was a prince of Ayodhya in the kingdom of Kosala. In Hindu belief, Rama is the seventh avatar of the deity Vishnu. An avatar is a manifestation of a god on Earth. The story follows Rama through many trials and adventures. It begins with his marriage to Sita.

The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita
The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita

Later, his stepmother Kaikeyi uses two boons to demand his exile. Rama must live in the forest for fourteen years. His wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana accompany him on this journey.

Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile from Ayodhya
Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile from Ayodhya

During their exile, the plot reaches a major turning point. The demon king Ravana kidnaps Sita.

Raja Ravi Varma, Jatayu vadha, 1906
Raja Ravi Varma, Jatayu vadha, 1906

Ravana takes her to his kingdom in Lanka. Rama must then embark on a quest to rescue her. This journey involves many challenges and encounters. The epic describes the duties of various relationships. It portrays characters as ideal sons, brothers, husbands, and kings. These figures serve as moral examples for the reader.

Scholars use several clues to date the text. The original date of composition remains unknown. However, estimates for the earliest stages range from the 7th–5th to 5th–4th century BCE. Later stages of the text extend up to the 3rd century CE. Scholar Robert P. Goldman suggests the core parts date to the early 7th century BCE. He notes that the narrative does not mention Buddhism. Buddhism was founded in the 5th century BCE. The text also mentions Ayodhya as the capital of Kosala. It does not use the later name, Saketa.

The structure of the Valmiki Ramayana is quite vast. It is one of the longest epic poems in world literature. The poem consists of nearly 24,000 shlokas. A shloka is a verse made of a couplet. A couplet consists of two individual lines. These verses are organized into seven books, or kandas.

Sita at ashokavana
Sita at ashokavana

These books include the Balakanda and the Uttarakanda. Some scholars believe the first and last books are later additions. They note differences in style and narrative contradictions. The first and last books are absent from the oldest manuscripts.

The influence of the Ramayana is truly global. It has many regional versions and adaptations. There are Buddhist and Jain versions of the story. Many Asian nations have their own unique retellings. For example, Thailand has the Ramakien.

The epic ramayana spread in thailand
The epic ramayana spread in thailand

Cambodia has the Reamker. Other versions exist in Malay, Filipino, Lao, Burmese, and Vietnamese. This wide reach shows how deeply the story has moved through different cultures. It has shaped the cultural consciousness of many Hindu and Buddhist nations.

The epic serves a significant moral purpose. It emphasizes the importance of virtue in a citizen. It also provides ideals for how a state should function. The concept of Rama Rajya describes a utopian state. This is a perfect society where Rama is the king. The story connects to many fields like art, poetry, and ethics. It appears in traditional dances and complex paintings.

Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53
Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53

It remains a vital part of religious and cultural life today.

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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:Valmiki Ramayana.jpg
Valmiki Ramayana.jpg
File:The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita.jpg
The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita.jpg
File:Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile from Ayodhya.jpg
Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile...
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Jatayu vadha, 1906.jpg
Raja Ravi Varma, Jatayu vadha, 1906.jpg
File:Stone bas relief at Banteay Srei in Cambodia.jpg
Stone bas relief at Banteay Srei in Cambodia.jpg
File:Sita at ashokavana.jpg
Sita at ashokavana.jpg
File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg
Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg
File:Sita with children.jpg
Sita with children.jpg
File:The epic ramayana spread in thailand.jpg
The epic ramayana spread in thailand.jpg
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan Shiva gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016190.jpg
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan...
File:Balinese dance Legong in Ubud, Ramayana performance, 20220823 1916 0471.jpg
Balinese dance Legong in Ubud, Ramayana...
File:Ramayana Java.jpg
Ramayana Java.jpg

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