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Rabies vaccine

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A rabies vaccine is a biological preparation used to prevent infection from the rabies virus. This virus is extremely dangerous because it is virtually 100% fatal once symptoms appear. Because of this high fatality rate, there is no contraindication to using the vaccine after exposure. The vaccine works by helping the body build immunity to the virus. This immunity can be long-lasting, protecting a person for many years.

Aplicação de vacina anti-rábica
Aplicação de vacina anti-rábica

There are two main ways the vaccine is administered: pre-exposure and post-exposure. Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is for people at high risk. This includes veterinarians, researchers, or people traveling to common rabies areas. For PrEP, people usually receive three doses over one month. These doses are given on day zero, day seven, and either day twenty-one or twenty-eight. This prepares the immune system before any contact with the virus occurs.

Post-exposure prophylaxis is used after a person has been potentially exposed through a bite or scratch. First, the wound must be cleaned thoroughly. This involves washing the site with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. It is also recommended to use a virucidal agent like povidone-iodine to irrigate the wound. After cleaning, the person receives four doses of the vaccine over two weeks. They also receive rabies immunoglobulin, known as RIG, alongside the first dose. RIG provides immediate, temporary passive immunity while the vaccine works.

Lysvulpen
Lysvulpen

Different types of vaccines exist based on how they are manufactured. The human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) was started in 1967. It uses an attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus. Other modern options include purified chicken embryo cell vaccines (CCEEV). These are often less expensive and are recommended by the World Health Organization. Another type is the purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV). This uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the virus. These modern cell-culture vaccines are safer and more effective than older nerve tissue-derived vaccines.

Oral vaccination
Oral vaccination

History shows how much medical science has advanced in this field. In 1885, French scientists Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux developed the first rabies vaccine. The first human to receive it was a nine-year-old boy named Joseph Meister. He had been mauled by a rabid dog. The treatment involved a subcutaneous injection followed by 12 more doses over ten days. By 1909, the world had 75 specialized rabies prevention centers. These centers, called Pasteur Institutes, helped spread the technology globally.

The Pasteur Institute Hospital, Kasauli, India Wellcome V0030176
The Pasteur Institute Hospital, Kasauli, India Wellcome V0030176

Today, the impact of these vaccines is massive. Over 29 million people receive the human rabies vaccine every year. The World Health Organization includes it on the List of Essential Medicines. Maintaining the vaccine is a technical challenge because of storage needs. Vaccines must be kept at a temperature between 2°C and 8°C. They must never be frozen, or they will lose their effectiveness.

Haitian clinic where solar power is used to refrigerate rabies vaccine
Haitian clinic where solar power is used to refrigerate rabies vaccine

In some places, solar power is used to keep these refrigerators running.

Safety is a major factor in the use of these medicines. Rabies vaccines can be used safely by all age groups. Some people may experience minor side effects after an injection. About 35 to 45 percent of people feel redness or pain at the injection site. Between 5 and 15 percent may experience fever, headaches, or nausea. Despite these small risks, the vaccine is vital because the untreated virus is almost always fatal.

Lysvulpen
Lysvulpen

Immunity from the vaccine is quite robust. A 2002 study showed that 97% of immunocompetent individuals had protective antibody levels after ten years. A 2021 study found that immunological memory could be reactivated quickly. After a single intramuscular booster, memory was reactivated in all patients within seven days. This shows how the body can remember the virus for a very long time. This connection between memory and protection is a key part of how vaccines work within the human immune system.

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File:Haitian_clinic_where_solar_power_is_used_to_refrigerate_rabies_vaccine.jpg
Haitian_clinic_where_solar_power_is_used_t...
File:Aplicação de vacina anti-rábica.jpg
Aplicação de vacina anti-rábica.jpg
File:The_Pasteur_Institute_Hospital,_Kasauli,_India_Wellcome_V0030176.jpg
The_Pasteur_Institute_Hospital,_Kasauli,_I...
File:Lysvulpen.jpg
Lysvulpen.jpg
File:Oral vaccination.jpg
Oral vaccination.jpg
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