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Push-up

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A push-up is a fundamental calisthenics exercise performed from a prone position. Calisthenics refers to exercises that use an individual's own body weight for resistance.

Marines do pushups
Marines do pushups

This movement is a staple in civilian athletic training and physical education. It is also a core component of military physical training programs. Because it requires no specialized equipment, it is highly accessible. In some settings, such as the military, schools, or martial arts, it is even used as a form of punishment. The effectiveness of the move lies in its ability to engage multiple muscle groups simultaneously.

The mechanism of a push-up involves a controlled cycle of raising and lowering the body. During the upward phase, the primary movers work to extend the joints and lift the torso. The pectoralis major and minor, which are the large chest muscles, perform most of the heavy pushing. Simultaneously, the anterior deltoids—the front part of the shoulder muscles—act as horizontal adductors to move the upper arms toward the chest. The triceps brachii, located on the back of the arm, extend the elbow joints to reach full extension. During the downward phase, these same muscles work to control the speed of the descent.

To maintain a proper plank position, many stabilizer muscles must work isometrically. The core muscles, specifically the rectus abdominis and the transversus abdominis, contract to keep the legs and torso aligned. The rectus abdominis spans the front of the abdomen, while the transversus abdominis lies deeper, wrapping around the abdominal area. In the back, the erector spinae acts as the main stabilizer. This group includes the spinal, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscles. Even the gluteus medius and minimus work to stabilize the upper legs during the movement.

There are numerous variations designed to target specific muscles or increase difficulty. For example, diamond push-ups involve placing the thumbs and index fingers together to emphasize the triceps. Wide-arm variations can shift the focus toward the shoulders. To increase the load, athletes may use weighted push-ups by placing barbell plates or resistance bands on their upper backs.

US Army 52113 FORSCOM employee excels at fitness competition
US Army 52113 FORSCOM employee excels at fitness competition

Some advanced practitioners perform planche push-ups. In this extreme version, the athlete balances on their hands with their feet elevated in the air. This requires immense strength to keep the center of gravity over the hands.

Planche
Planche

Modified versions exist to adjust the intensity of the exercise. Knee push-ups use the knees as a pivot point rather than the toes. This reduces the amount of body mass being supported. Research published in The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research provides specific data on this. In traditional push-ups, subjects supported an average of 69.16% of their body mass in the up position and 75.04% in the down position. In modified knee push-ups, that support drops to 53.56% in the up position and 61.80% in the down position.

Cultural history has shaped different styles of the push-up. The American term "push-up" appeared between 1905 and 1910, while the British "press-up" was recorded in 1920. In India, a version known as the Hindu push-up or "dand" is a traditional part of physical culture and martial arts like Pehlwani.

Dand (Basic)
Dand (Basic)

This version transitions between a downward dog and an upward dog yoga position. It is noted for involving both the anterior and posterior chains of the body in a harmonious way. Martial artists also utilize knuckle push-ups to toughen the wrists and forearms for combat.

Push-ups also demonstrate how human coordination can reach extreme levels. Tandem push-ups involve two people working together in a highly coordinated manner. Each person faces a different direction, with one athlete lying on top of the other.

Tandem 2023-05-03 13-30-55-780
Tandem 2023-05-03 13-30-55-780

This requires perfect balance to place feet against each other's shoulders. Other variations, like hand release push-ups, eliminate momentum by requiring the athlete to lift their hands off the floor between repetitions. These diverse forms show how a simple movement can be adapted for strength, stability, or specialized training.

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File:Marines do pushups.jpg
Marines do pushups.jpg
File:Planche.jpg
Planche.jpg
File:Tandem 2023-05-03 13-30-55-780.png
Tandem 2023-05-03 13-30-55-780.png
File:Dand (Basic).gif
Dand (Basic).gif
File:US Army 52113 FORSCOM employee excels at fitness competition.jpg
US Army 52113 FORSCOM employee excels at...
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