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Projectile

physical science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A projectile is an object moved by an external force. Once it is launched, it moves freely. It is influenced by gravity and air resistance. Scientists study these objects through a field called ballistics. Ballistics uses mathematical equations of motion to analyze a projectile. This analysis covers the launch, the flight, and the final impact. Projectiles are common in many areas of life. You can find them in sports and in warfare.

155fire
155fire

Most projectile weapons use gas to provide a motive force. Some tools, like blowguns, use compressed gases. Other weapons, like most guns and cannons, use expanding gases. These gases come from chemical reactions in propellants. Smokeless powder is a common example of a propellant. Light-gas guns use a mix of these two methods. Railguns work differently by using electromagnetic fields. These fields provide acceleration along the whole length of the device. This process greatly increases the muzzle velocity.

Schwerer Gustav projectile 2
Schwerer Gustav projectile 2

Some objects provide their own propulsion while they fly. They may use a rocket engine or a jet engine. In military terms, a rocket is an unguided object. A missile is a guided projectile. An ICBM is a guided missile that uses a rocket engine. Some projectiles are designed to carry payloads. These payloads might include explosive charges. They can also carry chemical or biological substances. Some are even designed to cause fire or poisoning.

Schwerer Gustav projectile 2
Schwerer Gustav projectile 2

Projectiles can also be connected to their launcher by a cable. These are called wired projectiles. They can be used for guidance in missiles. They can also be used to deliver an electric shock. A Taser is an example of this technology. The range for a Taser is up to 10 meters. Other wired projectiles create a physical connection. A whaling harpoon uses a cable to tow a target. A grappling hook uses a cable to draw a launcher toward a target.

155fire
155fire

In sports, muscles act as the propelling force. Athletes use muscles to accelerate objects like balls or javelins. A person might throw a disc, a hammer, or a dart. The stronger the propelling force, the faster the object moves. A stronger force also helps the projectile travel farther. This is seen in activities like pitching or bowling. For example, high speeds have been recorded in baseball.

baseball
baseball

Math allows us to calculate the trajectory of a projectile. A trajectory is the path the object follows. An object launched at an angle has two types of velocity. It has a vertical component on the y-axis. It also has a horizontal component on the x-axis. We can calculate the time to reach maximum height. This is symbolized as $t_h$. It depends on initial velocity and the launch angle. We also use the acceleration due to gravity, which is about 9.81 m/s².

baseball
baseball

There are other important measurements for flight. The time of flight is the total time in the air. This is symbolized as $t_f$. We can also calculate the maximum height. This is the maximum displacement on the vertical axis. This is symbolized as $H$. Another key measurement is the range. The range is the horizontal distance covered on the x-axis. This is symbolized as $R$. The range is at its maximum when the launch angle is 45 degrees.

baseball
baseball
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File:Schwerer Gustav projectile 2.jpg
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