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Primate

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Primates are a diverse order of mammals that include many well-known animals.

Ringstaartmakis - Ring-tailed Lemur
Ringstaartmakis - Ring-tailed Lemur

This group contains humans, monkeys, apes, lemurs, galagos, and lorisids. Scientists divide primates into two main suborders: strepsirrhines and haplorhines. Strepsirrhines, or "wet-nosed" primates, include lemurs and lorisids. Haplorhines, or "dry-nosed" primates, include tarsiers and simians, which are monkeys and apes.

Primate skull series with legend cropped
Primate skull series with legend cropped

Understanding primates helps us learn how animals adapt to specific environments.

Most primate characteristics are adaptations for life in tropical forests.

Diademed ready to push off
Diademed ready to push off

Many primates are arboreal, meaning they live primarily in trees. To navigate the treetops, they developed binocular vision and color vision. This allows them to see depth and detail clearly. They also possess large brain sizes relative to their body mass. Physical traits like flexible shoulder girdles allow for wide limb movement. Most primates also have opposable thumbs, which provide better grasping and dexterity.

PrimateFeet
PrimateFeet

These features help them move through complex forest environments.

Primates use several different methods for locomotion, or moving from place to place.

PrimateFeet
PrimateFeet

Arboreal primates may use leaping to jump between trees. Some use brachiation, which is the act of swinging from branch to branch. Other primates are terrestrial, meaning they spend more time on the ground. For example, gorillas and baboons are primarily ground-dwelling. These animals may use bipedalism, which is walking on two hindlimbs. Others use quadrupedalism, or walking on four limbs. Some primates, like gorillas, use a modified walking style called knuckle-walking.

The primate lineage is very old, dating back 74 to 63 million years.

Simia satyrus - 1837 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - White Background
Simia satyrus - 1837 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - White Background

They likely evolved from small terrestrial mammals that adapted to tropical forests. The earliest possible proto-primate may be *Purgatorius*, which lived about 66 million years ago. In the 1700s, Carl Linnaeus established the order Primates. He named them because he believed they were the "highest" order of animals. Later, primatologist Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark studied primate evolution. He developed methods to arrange living members into an "ascending series" leading to humans. Modern scientists now use genetic research to define these relationships more accurately.

There is an incredible range in size and variety among living species.

The Madame Berthe's mouse lemur is extremely small. In contrast, the eastern gorilla can weigh over 150 kilograms. There are between 376 and 524 species of living primates, depending on the classification used. We are still discovering new species today. For instance, scientists described 36 new species during the 2010s. This ongoing discovery shows how much of the primate world remains to be studied.

Primates are among the most socially complex animals on Earth.

Three chimpanzees with apple
Three chimpanzees with apple

They form various social structures, such as family groups or uni-male harems. Some live in multi-male and multi-female groups. They communicate using vocalizations, smells, and facial or hand gestures. Many non-human primates are also cognitively advanced and can use tools.

Humans, part of the genus *Homo*, represent the most advanced primates. Humans have developed complex languages and sophisticated civilizations.

Despite their complexity, many primates face serious threats to their survival.

Silverback
Silverback

Approximately 60% of primate species are currently threatened with extinction. Large-scale clearing of tropical forests for agriculture is a major cause. Forest fragmentation and hunting also put species at risk. Some primates are hunted for food, as pets, or for use in medicines. Additionally, close contact between humans and non-human primates can lead to the transmission of zoonotic diseases. These are diseases, such as Ebola or hepatitis, that can move from animals to humans.

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