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Porphyra

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Porphyra is a genus of red algae that lives in cold, shallow seawater. These seaweeds grow in the intertidal zone. This area is found between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone. They thrive in the cold waters of temperate oceans. There are approximately 70 species of Porphyra found worldwide. This group of plants is very important to many human cultures. It is perhaps the most domesticated of all marine algae.

The life cycle of Porphyra is quite complex. It displays a process called heteromorphic alternation of generations. This means the seaweed changes its physical form during its life. The thallus is the visible part of the seaweed we see. This thallus is the haploid generation. It can reproduce asexually by forming spores. These spores grow to replicate the original thallus. The thallus can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female gametes form on the same single thallus.

Sexual reproduction in Porphyra follows a specific sequence. The male gametes are released into the water. These male gametes are non-motile, meaning they do not move on their own. The female gametes stay on the thallus. The released male gametes fertilize the female gametes. This fertilization creates a diploid stage called carposporangia. Through mitosis, these produce spores known as carpospores. These carpospores settle and bore into shells. They then germinate to form a filamentous stage.

This filamentous stage has a fascinating history. Scientists once thought this stage was a completely different species of alga. It was previously referred to as Conchocelis rosea. This changed thanks to the work of Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker. She was a British phycologist who studied the species Porphyra umbilicalis. In 1949, she discovered that Conchocelis was actually the diploid stage of Porphyra. Her discovery was later proven true for species in other regions as well.

Porphyra is a massive part of the global food industry. In East Asia, it is used for many sea vegetable products. In Japan, it is known as nori or amanori. It is used to wrap rice and fish for sushi. The annual production of Porphyra species in Japan is valued at 100 billion yen. In Korea, the seaweed is known as gim. It is used to make gimbap. In China, it is called zǐcài.

Many other cultures also harvest this seaweed for food. In Great Britain and Ireland, it is used to make laverbread. In Hawaii, the species is a delicacy called limu. Various North American Pacific coast peoples have also harvested it. These include the Haida, Tlingit, and Nuu-chah-nulth peoples. The seaweed is also a source of vitamin B12. One study suggests it is the best non-meat source of this vitamin. However, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics notes it may not be enough for vegans.

Scientists have recently changed how they classify these seaweeds. A major reassessment occurred in 2011. Many species were moved from the Porphyra genus to a new genus called Pyropia. Examples of this include Pyropia tenera and Pyropia yezoensis. Species from New Zealand, like Pyropia rakiura, were also moved. Because of this change, only five species out of seventy remain in Porphyra. This shows how scientific understanding of biology is always evolving.

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