Popular assembly

People can meet to talk about big things.

These are called popular assemblies.

Long ago, men in a place called Athens met to make rules.

They could vote on many things.

In some parts of Switzerland, people still meet like this. They show their choice by raising a hand.

In New England, towns have meetings too.

People go there to talk about their town.

These meetings help people work together. It is a way for everyone to be heard.

A popular assembly is a big meeting. People meet to talk about important things. These meetings are a way for people to rule themselves. This is called direct democracy.

Long ago, men in Athens met at a place called the Pnyx. They made big choices. They could vote on laws. They even chose leaders.

In ancient Rome, people also had assemblies. These groups had the power to make laws. But leaders often controlled them. Over time, these groups lost their power.

Some meetings still happen today. In Switzerland, some places use a Landsgemeinde. This is an open meeting. People vote by raising their hands.

In New England, towns have meetings too. People go to these meetings to talk about their town. They often meet once a year in March.

Sometimes, people form new assemblies during hard times. In Argentina, workers used assemblies to save their jobs. These meetings help people work together to solve problems.

A popular assembly is a large gathering of people. They meet to talk about important issues that affect them. This is a form of direct democracy. In this system, people make decisions themselves instead of just picking leaders to do it for them. These meetings can happen in many different places. Some are held in a specific neighborhood or town. Others might bring people together from a workplace or a school. Some assemblies focus on just one problem. Other groups have a much wider scope for their discussions.

These meetings work by letting people participate freely. Unlike elected assemblies, anyone can often join in. Some groups are created to build a new way to lead. Other groups work alongside the existing government. In some modern cities, people use assemblies for participatory budgeting. This means they help decide how to spend part of a local budget. In places like Jackson, Mississippi, people use them to organize local projects. They can also be used to guide big protest movements.

Popular assemblies have a very long history. In ancient Athens, there was a famous group called the ecclesia. It was open to all male citizens in the city-state. About 6,000 citizens might attend a meeting in the fifth century BC. They made huge decisions like declaring war or choosing military leaders. They also had the final say on new laws. A smaller council called the boule helped them by preparing the agenda. This shows how people have used meetings to lead for a long time.

Ancient Rome also used assemblies to hold power. The Curiate Assembly was the oldest group in the Roman Kingdom. It did not use a simple one-person, one-vote system. Instead, citizens were put into groups called curiae. Later, the Centuriate and Tribal Assemblies were created. These groups were often led by the wealthiest people. Over time, the Roman state grew into a huge empire. It became too hard to gather everyone into one meeting. Because of this, the emperor Tiberius moved power to the Senate.

Some traditions still exist in the world today. In Switzerland, two areas called Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden hold a Landsgemeinde. This is an open meeting where people vote by a show of hands. In New England, many towns hold a yearly town meeting. These usually happen on a Tuesday in March. They started a long time ago during the colonial era. While some people worry about how well they represent everyone, they remain a key part of local life.

A popular assembly is a gathering of people called to address issues of importance to the participants. This method of organizing is a form of direct democracy. In a direct democracy, people participate in decision-making themselves. This is different from elected assemblies, where citizens choose representatives to make choices for them. Popular assemblies are often freely open to participation. They can be based on a specific location, like a neighborhood. They can also bring together people from a workplace, an industry, or an educational establishment. Some assemblies focus on a single specific issue. Others have a much wider scope for their discussions.

These gatherings function through various social mechanisms. Some assemblies are created to form an alternative power structure. Other assemblies work alongside existing forms of government. In modern times, many local meetings serve a consultative role. This means they provide advice rather than making final laws. One example is participatory budgeting, which began in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in the 1990s. In this system, popular assemblies help allocate parts of a local budget. In Jackson, Mississippi, assemblies serve as vehicles for organizing local projects and campaigns. Protest movements have also used this model. The anti-austerity movement in Spain and the Occupy movement used assemblies to guide their decision-making starting in 2011.

History shows that popular assemblies have played major roles in famous political systems. The most well-known example is the Athenian democracy in ancient Greece. The primary assembly was called the ecclesia. It was open to all male citizens in the city-state. This included about 30 percent of the adult population. During the fifth century BC, as many as 6,000 citizens might attend a meeting. The assembly held immense power over the city. It was responsible for declaring war and deciding military strategy. It also elected officials known as strategoi. The assembly had the final say on legislation. It could even call magistrates to account after their term of office ended.

In Athens, the assembly did not work alone. It was supervised by a council called the boule. This council consisted of 400 to 500 members. Their most important job was to prepare the agenda for the assembly. The members of the boule were selected through sortition. Sortition is a process where people are chosen by lot, similar to a random drawing. This ensured that the council was not just made of the same powerful people. Earlier reforms by a leader named Solon had given the assembly the responsibility for nominating magistrates. However, by 487 BC, the system had moved toward sortition for many roles.

Ancient Rome also utilized assemblies as a central part of its government. During the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic, assemblies held high official authority. This reflected the Roman belief that the people were the source of political power. The oldest group was the Curiate Assembly, founded during the Kingdom. It did not use a simple one-person, one-vote system. Instead, citizens were assigned to groupings called curiae. Decisions required majorities within a majority of these curiae. Later, the Centuriate Assembly and Tribal Assembly were developed. These systems were often dominated by wealthier classes. These groups had more influence because they had the time to participate.

As Rome transformed from a city-state into a massive empire, these assemblies declined. It became impractical to gather the entire population into one meeting. The assemblies also lost power to the magistrates who presided over them. In the late Republic, their roles diminished significantly. During the Roman Empire, their last effective powers were removed. The second Roman emperor, Tiberius, transferred these powers to the Senate. Despite this decline in Rome, some forms of assembly have survived for centuries. In Switzerland, the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus still hold a Landsgemeinde. This is a traditional open assembly with decision-making powers.

In a Landsgemeinde, proposals are approved by a majority vote. This is typically done through a show of hands. While this is a symbol of Swiss democracy, the lack of a secret ballot is controversial. Some argue it may conflict with human rights standards. In the United States, the town meeting is a tradition in New England. These meetings were founded during the colonial era. They grew out of church meetings that eventually became secular government meetings. Many small, rural communities still practice this today. They often meet once a year on a Tuesday in March.

New England town meetings offer a unique look at local governance. In 1831, the philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville studied them in Massachusetts. He praised their democratic and localist culture. However, some scholars point out challenges within this system. Because meetings can last a full working day, turnout can be very low. This may cause the assembly to overrepresent seniors or people who do not work full-time. Some critics also note that the face-to-face format can favor people who are comfortable speaking in public. This can make it harder for the average citizen to defend their interests. Despite these debates, the town meeting remains a notable example of direct democracy in action.