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Pledge of Allegiance

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The Pledge of Allegiance is a patriotic verse recited by many people in the United States.

PledgeOfAllegiance1899
PledgeOfAllegiance1899

It serves as a formal promise of loyalty to the American flag and the republic. A republic is a form of government where power rests with the people and their elected representatives. Today, the Pledge is commonly recited at the start of Congressional sessions and various government meetings. It is also a frequent part of meetings held by many private organizations across the country.

Creating the modern Pledge involved a complex process of word selection and design.

Portrait of Francis Bellamy 01
Portrait of Francis Bellamy 01

Francis Bellamy, a Baptist minister and the circulation manager for *The Youth's Companion* magazine, is credited with writing the version used today. He intended for the text to be quick and dignified. Bellamy specifically designed the verse to be recited in only 15 seconds. He chose the word "allegiance" to represent a vow of loyalty. He also selected "republic" to distinguish the specific form of government established by the American Revolution. Bellamy even considered the French Revolutionary slogan of "liberty, equality, fraternity." However, he decided against using "equality" and "fraternity" in the final text.

Before Bellamy's version became standard, other versions existed.

George Thatcher Balch (1828-1894)
George Thatcher Balch (1828-1894)

In 1887, Captain George Thatcher Balch wrote an early pledge. Balch was a Union army officer during the Civil War and later worked for the New York Board of Education. His version was more personal, saying, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag." This version was used by several groups, including the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Grand Army of the Republic. The Balch version remained in use alongside Bellamy's until the 1923 National Flag Conference.

The rise of these patriotic oaths was linked to specific historical shifts. Historians note surges in patriotic pledges following the Civil War when political loyalties remained tense. Another surge occurred in the 1880s as immigration rates to the United States increased dramatically.

Students pledging allegiance to the American flag with the Bellamy salute
Students pledging allegiance to the American flag with the Bellamy salute

Bellamy and James B. Upham, a marketer for *The Youth's Companion*, wanted to instill American nationalism in students. They linked their efforts to the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. This event was celebrated during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. To support this, Upham helped 25,000 schools acquire flags during the 1892–1893 period.

Over many decades, the wording of the Pledge underwent several official changes.

Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Plaque and Pledge to the Flag - Lansing, MI
Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Plaque and Pledge to the Flag - Lansing, MI

In 1892, the original text used the phrase "to my flag." This was later changed to "to the flag of the United States of America" to include the many foreign-born children in American schools. While Bellamy felt this change hurt the rhythmic balance, it was implemented for inclusivity. In 1942, Congress formally adopted Bellamy's version of the text. The official name, "The Pledge of Allegiance," was not formally adopted until 1945. The most recent change occurred on Flag Day in 1954, when the words "under God" were added to the verse.

There is also a historical debate regarding who actually wrote the original 1892 text.

JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2
JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2

While Bellamy claimed authorship, some evidence suggests a different origin. A 13-year-old boy from Kansas named Frank E. Bellamy may have written it for a magazine competition. A newspaper report from Hays, Kansas, described a flag-raising in April 1892 that used an almost identical pledge. This date is several months before Francis Bellamy claimed to have composed the text in August 1892. This discovery has led some researchers to contest the traditional history of the Pledge's creation.

Today, the recitation of the Pledge is governed by both state laws and Supreme Court rulings. Most states require a regularly scheduled recitation of the Pledge in public schools. However, four states—Nebraska, Hawaii, Vermont, and Wyoming—do not have this requirement. Some states, such as California, require a "patriotic exercise" instead, though it is not strictly enforced. Legal protections are also in place for students. In the case *West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette*, the Supreme Court ruled that students cannot be forced to recite the Pledge. They also ruled that no student can be punished for choosing not to participate.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:PledgeOfAllegiance1899.jpg
PledgeOfAllegiance1899.jpg
File:Students_recite_the_Pledge_of_Allegiance_to_the_flag_of_the_United_States_at_Hayesville_High_School_in_2004.jpg
Students_recite_the_Pledge_of_Allegiance_t...
File:George Thatcher Balch (1828-1894).jpg
George Thatcher Balch (1828-1894).jpg
File:Portrait of Francis Bellamy 01.jpg
Portrait of Francis Bellamy 01.jpg
File:Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Plaque and Pledge to the Flag - Lansing, MI.jpg
Grand Army of the Republic Memorial...
File:Georgeandike.jpg
Georgeandike.jpg
File:Students_pledging_allegiance_to_the_American_flag_with_the_Bellamy_salute.jpg
Students_pledging_allegiance_to_the_Americ...
Pledge-of-Allegiance-to-the-Flag-by-Irving...
File:JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2.jpg
JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegianc...
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