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Pika

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The pika is a small mammal that lives in cold, mountainous regions.

Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska
Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska

It belongs to the family Ochotonidae. This family is part of the order Lagomorpha. This order also includes rabbits and hares. However, pikas are the smallest animals in the lagomorph group. They have round bodies, short limbs, and short, rounded ears. They also lack an external tail.

Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks
Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks

Pikas are found in Asia and North America. Some species live in the Himalayas at elevations over 4,000 meters.

Pikas have a very specific way of surviving harsh winters. Unlike many other small mammals, pikas do not hibernate. Instead, they use a method called "haying." During the autumn, they gather grasses, flowers, and soft twigs. They pull these plants into piles to dry. They then store these haypiles under rocks.

Pika pile
Pika pile

This stored food allows them to stay active all winter. They travel through tunnels under the snow to find their food caches. This behavior ensures they have nutrients even when the ground is frozen.

To get energy from tough plants, pikas use a special digestive process. They eat many types of plants like grasses, moss, and lichens. These plants contain hard-to-digest fiber. To handle this, pikas use a part of their gut called a cecum. In the cecum, they ferment the fiber. This process produces soft pellets known as cecotropes. The pika then reingests these pellets.

Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks
Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks

This process is called cecotrophy. It allows them to absorb nutrients in the small intestine that would otherwise be lost.

There are 37 living species within the genus Ochotona. These species are divided into different subgenera. The subgenus Conothoa includes mountain pikas, such as the Large-eared pika. The subgenus Ochotona includes shrub-steppe pikas like the Plateau pika. There is also a subgenus named Pika, which includes the American pika.

Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska
Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska

North American pikas include the American pika and the collared pika. While many species live in family groups, some North American species are asocial. This means they live solitary lives outside of the breeding season.

Scientists have a long history of studying pika fossils. Many extinct genera of Ochotona have been found. These fossils date back to the Miocene epoch. Some extinct species lived in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Pika Ochotona sp. fossil distribution 2
Pika Ochotona sp. fossil distribution 2

One notable extinct species was the Sardinian pika. It belonged to the genus Prolagus. This species went extinct within the last 2,000 years due to human activity. The fossil record shows that pikas have inhabited many different environments over millions of years.

Pikas are highly sensitive to their environment. They prefer temperatures below 25 degrees Celsius. Because of this, they spend much time in shaded areas. Changing temperatures can be very dangerous for them. For every 2 degree Celsius increase in ambient temperature, pikas lose 3% of their foraging time.

Pika pile
Pika pile

If they lose foraging time, they cannot collect enough food for winter. Human activity and rising temperatures may force populations to move to higher elevations. This shift can limit their available habitat.

Pikas are also known for their unique communication. They are sometimes called "whistling hares." This name comes from their high-pitched alarm calls. They use these calls to warn others about predators. They also use vocalizations for individual recognition and to defend territory. In the spring, their songs become more frequent during breeding season. These sounds are so distinct that scientists use them as a taxonomic tool. This helps researchers identify and classify different species based on their unique acoustic patterns.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska.jpg
Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska.jpg
File:Pika pile.JPG
Pika pile.JPG
File:Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks.jpg
Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks.jpg
File:Pika Ochotona sp. fossil distribution 2.png
Pika Ochotona sp. fossil distribution 2.png
File:Fossil occurrences of leporids and ochotonids and global environmental change.png
Fossil occurrences of leporids and...
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