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Pampas

geography Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The Pampas, also called the Pampas Plain, are vast, fertile grasslands in South America.

Pampas BsAsProv
Pampas BsAsProv

This natural region covers a massive area across several countries. It includes the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Córdoba. It also covers all of Uruguay and the southernmost Brazilian state, Rio Grande do Sul. The Pampas is a distinct physiography province within the larger Paraná–Paraguay plain division. It is a vital landscape for agriculture and livestock due to its rich soil and temperate climate.

The topography of the Pampas is generally low in elevation. Most areas do not exceed a certain height, staying mostly flat.

Estação Ecológica do Taim
Estação Ecológica do Taim

Some parts of the region feature low ranges of hills. In Brazil, these are called coxilhas, and in Spanish, they are called cuchillas. These hills are typically covered in grasslands. The highest elevations are found in the Sierra de la Ventana mountains in southern Buenos Aires Province. The summit of Cerro Tres Picos is the highest point in the region.

Casa y montaña
Casa y montaña

Other low hills, like the Ventana and Tandil hills, interrupt the plains.

The climate varies across the different parts of the Pampas. The northern areas have a humid subtropical climate. This means they are warmer and wetter than the rest of the plains. In the south and west, the climate becomes a cold semi-arid climate. The southeastern part of the region experiences an oceanic climate.

Coxilhas
Coxilhas

Summer temperatures are often uniform, but warm, dry winds from the north can push temperatures very high. Winters are generally mild, though cold waves can occur. Frost is common, especially in the southwest. While snow is rare and usually light, it does occur occasionally in inland areas.

Precipitation is a key part of the Pampas ecosystem. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, though it is heavier in the summer. In the east, rain falls as heavy summer storms or cold winter drizzle. In the west, rainfall is highly seasonal, with much more rain in the summer than the winter. The region is known for very intense thunderstorms during the spring and summer. These storms produce frequent lightning and high convective cloud tops. This area is one of the most active tornado regions outside the central and southeastern United States. These storms can also cause intense hailstorms and flash floods.

The vegetation is dominated by grassy prairie and grass steppe. Many species of the grass genus Stipa are very common here. An iconic species is the Pampas grass, known as Cortaderia selloana. The landscape is mostly composed of perennial grasses and herbs. Scientists have debated why these regions are so treeless. Some suggest seasonal droughts or competition for water between grass roots and tree seedlings. Other theories include heavy clay soils that prevent deep roots, fires set by people, or the presence of heavy herbivores.

Estação Ecológica do Taim
Estação Ecológica do Taim

Wildlife in the Pampas has changed significantly due to human activity. Many large and medium-sized species have lost their habitats because of ranching and agriculture. Animals like the puma, rhea, and marsh deer are now only found in small relicts. Some species, such as the jaguar and guanaco, have been completely extirpated from the area. However, many mammals still live there, including the Pampas fox, coypu, and various armadillos. Many bird species also thrive, such as the maguari stork and the burrowing owl. In the past, the region was home to much larger creatures. During the end-Pleistocene extinction about 12,000 years ago, giant animals like the Megatherium ground sloth and the saber-toothed cat Smilodon disappeared.

Human history in the Pampas involves many different groups. Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century and met local tribes like the Querandí.

Calfulcurá
Calfulcurá

Later, the Mapuche people conducted raids on European settlements. In the 1870s, Argentina built the Zanja de Alsina, a deep trench, to try to stop cattle raids. Starting in the 1840s and increasing after the 1880s, many European immigrants arrived. Some worked as tenant farmers or sharecroppers. This immigration helped shape the rural and urban life of the region. Today, the Pampas is a major center for agriculture. People grow crops, raise cattle, and even cultivate vineyards for wine.

Otto E. F. Grashof - Parada en el campo
Otto E. F. Grashof - Parada en el campo

Some areas even use European honeybees for honey farming.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Estação_Ecológica_do_Taim.jpg
Estação_Ecológica_do_Taim.jpg
File:Casa_y_montaña.jpg
Casa_y_montaña.jpg
File:Coxilhas.jpg
Coxilhas.jpg
File:Pampas BsAsProv.png
Pampas BsAsProv.png
File:Calfulcurá.jpg
Calfulcurá.jpg
File:Otto E. F. Grashof - Parada en el campo.png
Otto E. F. Grashof - Parada en el campo.png
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