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Orange juice

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Orange juice is a liquid extract produced by squeezing or reaming fruit from the orange tree.

Orange Juice Pulp
Orange Juice Pulp

It serves as a major global beverage and a significant agricultural product. Various orange species and cultivars provide different flavors and colors. These include the blood orange, which is a mutant of the sweet orange with reddish or pinkish tones.

Bloodorange1
Bloodorange1

Other varieties include the navel, Valencia, clementine, and tangerine. Some juices contain juice vesicles, which are known as "pulp" in American English or "juicy bits" in British English. The amount and juiciness of these vesicles vary by species, variety, and season.

Manufacturing processes vary depending on the desired shelf life and flavor. One common method involves creating frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ). In this process, fresh juice is first tested for quality and cleaned. The juice is extracted and screened to remove seeds and large pulp pieces. It is then heated to between 190 and 200 °F to inactivate natural enzymes. A high vacuum evaporator is used to remove water, which concentrates the sugar and solids. This increases the soluble solid portion, or Brix content, from 12 °Brix to between 60 and 70 °Brix.

To restore the flavor lost during concentration, manufacturers use a "cut-back" method. They add a small amount of fresh juice, typically 7% to 10% of the total, back into the concentrate. They may also add specific cold-pressed orange oils to restore aroma. The concentrate is then cooled and canned using steam injection to create a vacuum. Another method is producing "not from concentrate" (NFC) juice. This juice is pasteurized but not evaporated. To extend shelf life, the oxygen is stripped from the juice while it is in aseptic storage. Because removing oxygen also removes flavor, a "flavor pack" is often added later.

Flavor packs are proprietary mixtures used to ensure a consistent taste. These packs often contain ethyl butyrate, a natural aroma associated with freshness. While fresh-squeezed juice naturally contains about 1.19 milligrams of ethyl butyrate per liter, commercially processed juice can contain as much as 8.53 milligrams per liter. These formulas vary by region to match local preferences for sweetness and acidity. Interestingly, the Food and Drug Administration does not require companies to list the specific contents of these flavor packs on packaging. Some producers may also add extra nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, or omega-3 fatty acids.

The history of orange juice is closely tied to military needs and scientific innovation. During World War II, American soldiers rejected vitamin C powder because it tasted unappetizing. The government needed a better way to prevent diseases like scurvy. They worked with the Florida Department of Citrus and scientists to improve upon 1940s canned juice. This collaboration led to the development of frozen concentrated orange juice. By 1949, Florida processing plants were producing over 10 million gallons of concentrate annually. By the 1980s, food scientists developed reconstituted ready-to-serve juice, and NFC juice arrived in the 1990s.

Nutritionists study orange juice for its complex chemical profile.

Mexico City merchant with his freshly squeezed orange juice March 2010
Mexico City merchant with his freshly squeezed orange juice March 2010

A single 250 mL cup of fresh juice is 88% water and provides 112 calories. It contains 26 grams of carbohydrates, including 21 grams of sugar, and 2 grams of protein. It is a rich source of vitamin C, providing 149% of the Daily Value. It also contains moderate amounts of potassium, thiamin, and folate. However, because it is high in simple sugars, some government advice suggests eating raw fruit instead. The juice is also acidic, typically maintaining a pH of around 3.5.

Orange juice is a major component of the global economy and food markets. In the United States, Tropicana holds nearly 65% of the market share. Other notable brands include Minute Maid and Florida's Natural Growers. In the United Kingdom, Del Monte and Princes are major players. The industry is so significant that frozen concentrated orange juice is a "soft commodity." This means its value is tracked through futures contracts in New York, which have traded since 1966. In 1967, Florida even named orange juice as its official state beverage.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Orange Juice Pulp.jpg
Orange Juice Pulp.jpg
File:Mexico City merchant with his freshly squeezed orange juice March 2010.jpg
Mexico City merchant with his freshly...
File:Bloodorange1.jpg
Bloodorange1.jpg
Bottled Sunshine...A Juicy Story.theora.ogv
File:Orange juice UHPLC UV chromatogram.png
Orange juice UHPLC UV chromatogram.png
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